Endocrine System MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Endocrine System - Download Free PDF

The correct answer is Physical, hormonal.

Key Points

• During adolescence, the body undergoes significant Nutritional changes including rapid growth in height and muscle mass.
• Hormonal changes, particularly an increase in growth hormones such as human growth hormone (HGH) and sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone, play a critical role in growth spurts.
• The pituitary gland is primarily responsible for releasing growth hormone, which stimulates bone and tissue growth.
• The onset of puberty triggers these hormonal changes, leading to the physical development typical of adolescence.

Additional Information

• Growth Hormones:
  • Human growth hormone (HGH) is crucial for growth and development during childhood and adolescence.
  • Produced by the pituitary gland, HGH stimulates growth in almost all tissues of the body, including bone.
• Sex Hormones:
  • Estrogen and testosterone are key sex hormones that increase significantly during puberty.
  • These hormones contribute to the development of secondary sexual characteristics and influence growth patterns.
• Puberty:
  • Puberty is the period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction.
  • It involves a series of physical changes driven by hormonal shifts, typically occurring between ages 8-14 for girls and 9-16 for boys.
• Pituitary Gland:
  • The pituitary gland, often called the "master gland," regulates vital body functions and general wellbeing.
  • It controls various hormonal functions including growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

The Correct answer is Estrogen.

Key Points

• Estrogen is primarily responsible for the changes in females during puberty.
• It is a sex hormone that plays a key role in the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development, hip widening, and the onset of the menstrual cycle.
• Estrogen also contributes to the growth and maturation of reproductive organs such as the ovaries, uterus, and fallopian tubes.
• This hormone is produced mainly by the ovaries but also in small amounts by the adrenal glands.
• In males, estrogen is present in smaller amounts and plays a role in maintaining bone density and regulating certain bodily functions.
• During puberty, the secretion of estrogen increases, signaling the body to begin the transition to sexual maturity.
• Its levels are regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Additional Information

• Testosterone
  • Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone responsible for changes in males during puberty.
  • It promotes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair growth, deepening of the voice, and muscle growth.
  • Testosterone is produced mainly in the testes and in small amounts by the adrenal glands.
  • It plays a role in maintaining sperm production, libido, and overall health in males.
• Insulin
  • Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas and is primarily involved in the regulation of blood sugar levels.
  • It facilitates the uptake of glucose by the cells for energy production or storage as glycogen.
  • While important for overall health, insulin does not play a direct role in the changes during puberty.
• Growth Hormone
  • Growth hormone (GH), produced by the pituitary gland, plays a role in the overall growth and development of the body.
  • It is responsible for increasing height, promoting bone density, and stimulating the growth of muscles and tissues.
  • Although GH contributes to physical changes during puberty, it is not the main hormone driving sexual maturation.

The Correct answer is Pituitary gland.

Key Points

• The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" of the endocrine system.
• It is located at the base of the brain, beneath the hypothalamus.
• The pituitary gland has two parts: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary, each releasing different hormones.
• The anterior pituitary produces and releases growth hormone (GH), which stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration in humans.
• The secretion of growth hormone is regulated by the hypothalamus through releasing and inhibiting hormones.
• Growth hormone plays a crucial role in physical development in children and adolescents and also helps maintain tissues and organs throughout life.

 Additional Information

• Thyroid gland
  • The thyroid gland is located in the neck and produces hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
  • These hormones regulate the body's metabolism, energy levels, and growth and development.
• Adrenal gland
  • The adrenal glands are located on top of each kidney.
  • They produce hormones such as adrenaline (epinephrine), cortisol, and aldosterone.
  • These hormones help regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress responses.
• Testes
  • The testes are male reproductive glands located in the scrotum.
  • They produce testosterone, which is essential for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive functions.

The correct answer is Adrenaline.

Key Points

• Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone released by the adrenal glands in response to stress or danger.
• This hormone prepares the body for a 'fight or flight' response by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy supply.
• Adrenaline triggers the release of glucose from energy stores and increases blood flow to major muscle groups.
• The release of adrenaline is part of the body's acute stress response system, which helps to improve physical performance in stressful situations.

Additional Information

• Adrenal Glands:
  • Small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of each kidney.
  • They produce essential hormones, including adrenaline, cortisol, and aldosterone.
• Fight or Flight Response:
  • A physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival.
  • It is a critical survival mechanism that enables an individual to react quickly to life-threatening situations.
• Sympathetic Nervous System:
  • Part of the autonomic nervous system that controls the body's rapid involuntary response to dangerous or stressful situations.
  • It activates the 'fight or flight' response by triggering the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline.
• Effects of Adrenaline:
  • Dilates the air passages of the lungs, allowing for better oxygen intake.
  • Constricts blood vessels to redirect blood to major muscle groups and vital organs.
  • Increases blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to release glucose.

The correct answer is Hypothalamus and pineal.

• Only three endocrine glands are located in the region of the brain are the hypothalamus, pituitary, and pineal gland.

Key Points

• The hypothalamus is the basal part of the diencephalon of the forebrain.
• It contains a hormone of stimulating and inhibiting the pituitary.
• The pituitary gland is also located at the base part of the brain region just below the hypothalamus and joined together whereas the pineal gland is present in the very deep region where two halves of the brain join together.
• This area is present in the middle of the brain known as the epithalamus.
• It secretes melatonin which functions during the darkness and sends information of night.

The correct answer is Pineal gland.

Key Points

• Pineal gland is the smallest gland in the human body with a length of about 5-8 mm.
• It is located in the epithalamus, near the center of the brain.
• The gland produces melatonin and serotonin and is, therefore, responsible for modulating sleep patterns.

Additional Information

• Largest gland of the human body - Liver
• The smallest exocrine gland - Goblet cell 
• The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function.
• Apocrine sweat glands are usually associated with hair follicles, continuously secrete a fatty sweat into the gland tubule.
• The parotid gland is a bilateral salivary gland located in the face.
• Ebner glands, also known as serous glands, are minor salivary glands located on both sides of your oral cavity toward the back of your tongue.

The correct answer is Pituitary Gland.

• Pituitary Gland is an Endocrine gland in the human body.
  • It is also known as the master gland.

Key Points

• A Gland is called the endocrine gland when it secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream.
• Endocrine: End means no duct required and the hormones go directly into the blood.
• Examples: Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland, Adrenal Gland, etc. 

Additional Information

• The glands which have ducts through which enzymes pass are known as the Exocrine Glands.
• Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products through ducts to an epithelial surface.
• Unlike endocrine glands, which release hormones directly into the bloodstream, exocrine glands use ducts to transport their secretions externally or into body cavities.
• They secrete enzymes, mucus, sweat, saliva, and other substances.
• Examples: Digestive Gland, Salivary Gland, Sweat gland, etc.

The correct answer is adrenaline.

Key Points

• Blood pressure may be referred to as the pressure exerted by the blood on the arteries and veins.
• Adrenaline hormone is administered to a person suffering from a marked fall in blood pressure.
• It is an emergency hormone secreted by adrenal medulla.

Explanation:

• The adrenal medullary hormones, namely adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), have the same effect as the sympathetic stimulation.
• Adrenaline increases the rate of heart beat and promotes cardiac output, thus increasing blood pressure.
• It also increases the strength of heart contraction, rate of respiration, and metabolic rate.

Hence, the correct option is (2) Adrenaline.

Additional Information

• Insulin-
  • It is a peptide hormone secreted by β-cells of the Islets of Langerhans of pancreas.
  • Insulin plays significant role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
• Thyroxine-
  • Thyroxine (T₄) is secreted by the thyroid gland.
  • It regulates basal metabolic rate, controls metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
• Vasopressin-
  • It is synthesized by hypothalamus and released by posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis.
  • It mainly acts at the kidney and stimulates reabsorption of water and electrolytes by DCT.
  • Vasopressin is also called as anti-diuretic hormone.

The correct answer is Melatonin

Key Points

• Melatonin is secreted by Pineal Gland.
  • It is involved in the regulation of biological rhythms of the body and sleep.
  • It is usually secreted in darkness hence also known as "Dracula of Hormones".
  • Sometimes it can be consumed from external sources by mouth to adjust the body's internal clock, as well as its external supplements.
• The pineal Gland is situated in the middle of the human brain and is the major site of the body's melatonin.

Important Points

• Progesterone hormone is released during the course of pregnancy hence also known as pregnancy hormone.
  • It inhibits the contraction of the uterus so that pregnancy can be sustained.
• Epinephrine also known as Adrenaline, is a hormone produced by adrenal glands and the small number of neurons in the medulla oblongata.
  • It relaxes muscles in the airways and tightens the blood vessels.
• ​Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas.
  • It controls the amount of glucose in the bloodstream at any given moment.

Concept:

• Growth hormone is released into the bloodstream from the anterior pituitary gland.
• The pituitary gland also produces other hormones that have different functions from growth hormone.
• Growth hormone is produced by the pituitary gland.
  • It has many functions including maintaining normal body structure and metabolism.
  • It is a small pea-sized gland that plays a major role in regulating vital body functions.
  • It is also referred to as the 'master gland' of the human body as it controls the activity of most of the other hormone-secreting glands.

Important Points

Pineal gland:

• The Pineal gland is situated in the middle of the human brain and it is the major site of the body's Melatonin production which is usually secreted in the darkness and thus is sometimes referred to as the “Dracula of hormones”.
• Melatonin is a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. It is sometimes consumed from external sources by mouth to adjust the body's internal clock, as well as its external supplements, are commonly used for insomnia and improving sleep in different conditions.

Hypothalamus:

• To maintain homeostasis, the hypothalamus is responsible for creating or controlling many hormones in the body. The hypothalamus works with the pituitary gland, which makes and sends other important hormones around the body.

Adrenal gland:

• Adrenaline hormone is secreted by the adrenal glands in the centre of the medulla.
• The main function of adrenaline is to produce contraction of the spleen so as to store the blood, increase heartbeat and sweating, reducing the blood clotting period, and pupillary dilation.

The correct answer is Melatonin.

• Melatonin hormone plays an important role in the regulation of 24-hour rhythms of the sleep-wake cycle.
• It is also involved in the pigmentation of the skin, menstrual cycle, and metabolism.
• It also controls the cardiac rhythms of our body.
• Its increased secretion promotes healthy sleeping.
• This hormone delays puberty and affects the menstrual cycle.

Key Points

• Prolactin is the hormone of the anterior pituitary which stimulates the production of milk and also develops the mammary gland.
• Progesterone maintains the pregnancy and is involved in female sexual characteristics development and cortisol response against stress and also stimulates the formation of RBC.
• Cortisol is called the "stress hormone" because of its connection to the stress response. Cortisol is one of the steroid hormones and is made in the adrenal glands.

The correct answer is Melatonin.

Key Points

• The pituitary Gland is present below the hypothalamus.
• It is divided into 2 parts, viz. adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis.
• Adenohypophysis is called anterior pituitary and neurohypophysis is called posterior pituitary.
• It controls the secretion of most of the hormones.
• It secretes various hormones, like growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, oxytocin, vasopressin, gonadotropin, etc.
• Melatonin hormone is produced by the brain in response to darkness.
• Melatonin production can be affected when someone is exposed to light in the darkness.
• Melatonin supplements may help with certain conditions, such as jet lag, delayed sleep-wake phase disorder, etc.

The correct answer is ​Adrenal gland

Key Points

• The adrenal glands are small glands located on top of each kidney.
• The adrenal cortex produces several hormones.
• The most important are aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid), cortisol (a glucocorticoid), and androgens and estrogen (sex hormones).
• These hormones help regulate metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress, and other essential functions.

Additional Information

• Thyroid gland:​
  • It produces hormones that regulate the body's metabolic rate-controlling like heart, muscle, and digestive function, brain development and bone maintenance.
  • Its good functioning depends on a good supply of iodine from the diet. 
• Thymus gland:​
  • The thymus is a lobed organ situated near the heart and, beneath the breastbone.
  • It is quite large at the time of birth but it gradually gets reduced with age.
  • The thymus provides the micro-environment needed for the maturation & development of T-lymphocytes.
  • The T-lymphocyte cells originate in the bone marrow but migrate or move to the thymus for maturation & development, hence if the thymus gland is removed from the newborn baby T-lymphocyte cells will not form.
• Corpus luteum:
  • ​The follicular cell is known as the corpus luteum.
  • The Corpus luteum is a follicular cell and gets filled with a yellow pigment called lutein.

The correct answer is Pituitary Gland.

Key Points

• The pituitary gland controls the functioning of other endocrine glands. The pituitary is often called the master gland because its hormones control another part of the endocrine system like thyroid glands, ovaries, and testes.
• The pituitary gland has two parts which are the anterior lobe and posterior lobe. Both parts have separate functions. This gland is located at the base of the brain and it is one-third of an inch diameter.

Additional Information

• The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland and it is located in the base of the throat. It releases hormones that control metabolism. It is 2 inches long. The thyroid is part of the endocrine system which is made up of glands. This gland uses iodine from the food we eat.
• The pineal gland is a small pea-shaped gland. it is located in the brain. it is called the third eye. It is about one-third inch long and its color is a reddish-grey gland. The pineal gland often appears in X-rays.
• The adrenal glands are small glands. It is located on top of each kidney.