Line Balancing and Work Study MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Line Balancing and Work Study - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

Explanation:

Time study:

• The classical approach to time study was developed by W. Taylor in 1911 and it is an accepted procedure for production analysis.
• It is an analysis of a worker’s performance against a time standard.
• Time studies are normally performed on short repetitive production types of tasks.

Terms related to Time study:

Cycle Time:

• It is the total time required for a worker to complete one cycle of operation.

Machine Cycle time:

• It is the total time for a machine to finish one complete cycle. It includes loading and unloading.

Normal Time:

The normal time for a particular employee is rated against the average job element-time. It is given by:

\(Normal\;Time = \frac{{Average\;element\;\times\;Performance\;rating}}{{100}}\)

Allowance Time:

• It includes personal factors as well as unavoidable constraints encountered in the work situation.
• It includes all unavoidable delays but rules out all avoidable delays.

Standard Time:

• It is the time needed to complete an operation by an employee working at 100 % efficiency with unavoidable delays.

It is given by:

Standard Time = Normal Time + Allowance Time

Standard Time = \(\frac{{Standard\;time}}{{1\; - \;allowance\;fraction}}\)

Normal time = Observed time x Rating factor

Explanation:

Method study:

• Method study is the systematic recording and analysis of current and planned work processes with the goal of creating and implementing simpler, more efficient processes while also lowering costs.
• The main objectives of the method study are:
  • provide the exact facts related to the working condition
  • critically analyze the facts
  • provide the best possible solution after examining the facts.
• The procedure involved in the method study are:

1. SELECT
2. RECORD 
3. EXAMINE
4. DEVELOP
5. DEFINE
6. INSTALL
7. MAINTAIN

Thus, option (4) is the correct answer.

Additional Information Advantages of method study:

• Improve the material and plant utilization
• Increase the efficiency of labor by providing better working conditions
• Improve work layout by providing a smooth flow of material
• helps in selecting the best possible sequence of doing work
• Improve work method and work procedure.

Explanation:

Productivity:

• Productivity is the output of any production process, per unit of input.
• It is the ratio of output and input in any organisation.
• \(Productivity=\frac{Output}{Input}\)

The output is in the form of product quantity and input is in the form of resources.

Productivity can be improved by:

• Increasing the output for the same number of inputs.
• Decreasing the input for the same number of outputs. 

Standard time can be defined as the time taken by an average experienced worker for the job with provisions for delays beyond the worker's control.

Normal time = Observed time x Rating factor

Standard time = Normal time + allowances

Allowance time = \(\frac{{40 \times 10}}{{100}} = 4\)

Explanation:

Micro-motion study is a set of techniques intended to divide the human activities in a group of movements or Micro-motions called as therbligs and the safety of such movements helps to find for an operator one best pattern of movement that consumes less time and requires less effort to accomplish the task. Therbligs were suggested by FrankB. Gilberth, therefore he is called as founder of motion study

• This technique was developed by Fran Gilbreth who considered that an operation consists of minute elements which may be repetitive or non repetitive.
• He termed these elements THERBLIG (after his name Gilbreth if spelt bank word is Therblig).

Purpose of Micro Motion Study:

1. To study the nature and path of movements for obtaining the elements of an operation.
2. To study the activities of the machine and the operator.
3. To impart training to the workers or operators regarding motion; economy so that unnecessary movement by the workers may be avoided.
4. To study the relationship between the activities of operator and the machine.
5. To keep permanent record of the most efficient way of performing a task for future reference.
6. To obtain motion time data for developing synthetic time standards for various elements.
7. For carrying out research in the field of method and time study.

Advantages of Micro Motion Study:

• It provides a permanent record of motion study on films.
• A large number of operators can see the procedure at any time even after the completion of motion study work.
• Films can easily reveal the difference between the present and the proposed technique.
• Films can be demonstrated to large work force at any desired speed.
• It provides very accurate time for each operation or motion in comparison to stop watch time study.
• It helps in making detailed and accurate analysis of the prevailing technique.

Explanation:

Work Measurement: It is defined as the application of different techniques to measure and establish the time required to complete a job by a qualified worker at a defined level of performance.

Work Measurement is done through following means:

• Time Study: Employs a decimal minute stopwatch to record and determine the time required by a qualified and well-trained person working at a normal pace to do a specific task under specified conditions. The most common technique is to use a stopwatch.
• Predetermined Time Systems: are a technique of motion study and time standards development. The motions of the work or task performed are recorded. Once all the motions for the task have been recorded, the time values are totaled and the standard time for the operation is developed.
• Standard Time Data: Standard data uses work elements from time studies or other work measurement sources making it unnecessary to restudy work elements that have been timed adequately in the past. These element times are extracted from studies and applied to jobs or tasks with the same elements. Some examples of standard data development include graphs, tables, charts, formulas and spreadsheet programs.
• Work Sampling: It involves observing the workers at randomly selected times and recording the type of activity that is observed at that instance. Work sampling is most commonly used to collect information for allowance calculation, to determine the distribution of work activities, and to determine the productive and non-productive utilization of workers.

Additional Information

Micromotion study:

• It is used for graphical presentation of many repetitive operations of short cycles like component assembly, packaging, inspection, separation of mixed jobs, which involve quick movements of the hand.
• In certain types of operations like pick and place objects, a detailed study of suck operations can be carried out.
• “SIMO” stands for Simultaneous-Motion Cycle Chart.
• It is one of the micromotion studies devised by Gilbreth and it presents graphically the separable steps of each pertinent limb of the operator under study.
• It is an extremely detailed left and right-hand operation chart.
• SIMO chart records simultaneously the different therbligs performed by different parts of the body of one more operator on a common time scale.

Explanation:

Group layout:

• Group layout is a combination of the product layout and process layout.
• It combines the advantages of both layout systems.
• If there are m-machines and n-components, in a group layout (Group-Technology Layout), the m-machines and n-components will be divided into a distinct number of machine-component cells (group) such that all the components assigned to a cell are almost processed within that cell itself.
• Here, the objective is to minimize the intercell movements. In-group technology layout, the objective is to minimize the sum of the cost of transportation and the cost of equipment. So, this is called a multi-objective layout.

Advantages of Group Technology:

• Component standardization and rationalization
• Reliability of estimates.
• Effective machine operation and productivity.
• Customer service.
• It can decrease the
  •  Paper work and overall production time.
  •  Work-in-progress and work movement.
  •  Overall cost.

Limitations of Group Technology Layout:

• This type of layout may not be feasible for all situations. If the product mix is completely dissimilar, then we may not have meaningful cell formation.
• Feasible for all situations. If the product mix is completely dissimilar, then we may not have meaningful cell formation.

Product layout:

• In this type of layout, machines and auxiliary services are located according to the processing sequence of the product.
• It is also called line layouts.
• In a strict product layout, machines are not shared by different products. Therefore, the production volume must be sufficient to achieve satisfactory utilization of the equipment.
• In this type of layout, only one product of one type of product is produced in an operating area.

Process layout:

• Process layout is recommended for batch production.
• It is also called functional layouts. 
• All machines performing similar types of operations are grouped at one location in the process layout e.g., all lathes, milling machines, etc. are grouped in the shop will be clustered in like groups.

Fixed-position layout:

• In this type of layout, the major component remains in a fixed location, other materials, parts, tools, machinery, manpower, and other supporting equipment are brough to this location.

Concept:

Observed Time (OT): It is the time observed by an observer. Take the average value when multiple cycles are given.

Normal Time (NT): It is the time required to complete a job by a normal average worker under normal working conditions.

NT = OT × (Rating Factor or Performance Rating)

Standard Time: It is the time required to complete a job by taking all the uncertainty related to the production system into account

Allowances: It is the extra time provided to the worker above the NT to work continuously for a long duration.

ST = NT + Allowances

Allowance is always given with respect to normal time.

ST = NT(1 + % Allowance)

Calculation:

Given:

Mean cycle time = Observed time (OT) ⇒ 10 min, Performance rating = 90%, Allowance = 10 %.

NT = OT × (Rating Factor or Performance Rating)

NT = 10 × 0.9 ⇒ 9 min

ST = NT(1 + % Allowance)

ST = 9(1 + 0.1) ⇒ 9.9 min.

When time study is performed then

Observed Time (OT): It is the time observed by an observer

Normal Time (NT): It is the time required to complete a job by a normal average worker under normal working condition.

NT = OT × Rating Factor

Standard Time: It is the required to complete a job by taking all the uncertainty related to the production system into account

Allowances: It is the extra time provided to the worker above the NT to work continuously for long duration.

ST = NT + Allowances

Allowance are always given with respect to normal time.

Allowance = % of Normal Time

Calculation:

Given that cycle time 7.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 minutes

\(Average\;OT = \frac{{7\; + \;6\; + \;7\; + \;8}}{4} = 7\;minutes\)

Rating Factor = 0.95

NT = OT × RF = 7 × 0.95 = 6.65 minutes

Allowance Fraction = 0.1

Allowance = 6.65 × 0.1 = 0.665 minutes

ST = NT + Allowance = 6.65 + 0.665 = 7.315

Explanation:

Organization structure

The organization structure is a skeleton or a framework that divides the total activities into related groups and develops superior and subordinate relationship among the persons by prescribing the authorities.

Types of organization structure:

Line, Military or Scalar organisation

• In this type of organisation, the line of authority flows directly from top to bottom and the line of responsibility from bottom to top.
• The business activities are divided into three groups i.e. finance or accounts, production and sales.
• Each department head has complete control over his section and he is fully authorised to select his labour, staff, purchases of raw material and to set the standards of output etc.
• The responsibility of each head is clearly defined.
• Each department works as a self-supporting unit. The textile industry is an example of a line industry.

Functional organization

• Functional organisation divides managerial activities so that each head from the works manager down has few functions to perform as possible and is able to become a specialist in these.
• Authority from top to down is delegated according to function.
• In this type of organisation specialists like production engineer, maintenance engineer, purchase officer etc. are employed.
• Each specialist is authorised to give orders to workers, but only in regard to his field of specialisation.

Line and staff organisation

• In this type of organisation, the line heads are assisted by specialist staff.
• If the firm is of large size, managers cannot give careful attention to every aspect of management.
• Hence staff is deputed to do the work of investigation, research, recording and advising to managers.
• Thus the staff brings specialization by assisting the line officers.
• The line maintains discipline and stability, staff provides experts with information and helps to improve overall efficiency.
• Thus the staff are thinkers while the line is doers.