Digitization MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Digitization - Download Free PDF

The Correct answer is (i) and (iii) are correct

Key Points

• Centre of Excellence for Digital Preservation:
  • The government has initiated the Centre of Excellence for Digital Preservation at CDAC, Pune, and CDAC, Noida with the following objectives:
    • Advancing R&D in Digital Preservation across different domains.
    • Creating pilot Digital Preservation repositories.
    • Establishing Digital Preservation Standards and Best Practices.
    • Raising awareness regarding potential threats and risks associated with digital obsolescence.

Additional Information

• DEITY:
  • DeitY, which stands for the Department of Electronics and Information Technology, was previously named the Department of Information Technology.
  • The department underwent a name change in 2012, becoming the Department of Electronics and Information Technology.
  • Subsequently, in July 2016, DeitY was elevated to a full-fledged Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, separate from the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology.
• Several digital preservation tools are available:
  • e-SANGRAHAN: E-acquisition tool
  • e-RUPĀNTAR: Pre-archival data processing tool
  • DATĀNTAR: E-records extraction tool
  • SUCHI SAMEKAN: Metadata importing and aggregation tool
  • META-PARIVARTAN: Metadata conversion tool
  • DATA HASTĀNTAR: Data encryption and transfer tool
  • PDF/A converter tool

The Correct answer is A and D.

Key Points

Workflow for Creating a Digital Collection: Effective digitization follows three main phases.

• Preparation & Inspection:
  • Item Handling: Track movement from storage, inspect condition before and after digitization, and involve conservators for fragile materials.
  • Metadata Review: Ensure existing bibliographic and structural metadata support discovery. If insufficient, create or enhance metadata (including multilingual descriptions) before scanning. Verify foliation and inventories and flag items to omit.
• Digitization:
  • Equipment Selection:
    • Choose capture devices (flatbed, book scanners, high-resolution cameras) suited to your materials and project goals.
    • Use consistent methods across each object; avoid mass-digitization machines on fragile items.
  • Image Quality:
    • Define resolution, color depth, and lighting based on archival masters and display needs.
    • Include foldouts in sequence, plan for storage and download times, and consider capturing at 1.5× your final target resolution for future flexibility.
  • Fidelity to the Original:
    • Photograph entire objects (pages, bindings, flyleaves) without cropping.
    • Insert a linear scale for size reference and maintain true orientation.
    • Use backing boards for translucent pages and include a color target for calibration; re-calibrate devices and displays regularly.
  • Conservation Balance:
    • Coordinate with conservators on safe handling, environmental controls, and specialized cradles or humidifiers.
    • Return originals promptly, tracking every movement.
• Post-Capture Processing & Ingest:
  • Quality Control: Review images on calibrated monitors, re-capture any that fail standards, and confirm structural metadata.
  • Minimal Processing: Restrict edits to approved color corrections, documented by policy.
  • File Management: Apply standardized naming conventions and assign persistent identifiers. Consider OCR, text markup, or geospatial tags to enrich access.
  • Storage & Ingest: Move master files to secure repositories; purge temporary copies. Ingest images and metadata into your digital repository following local infrastructure requirements.

The Correct answer is to encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks.

Key Points

• Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works.
• It also "encourages the creation and distribution of eBooks.
• It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael S. Hart.
• It is the oldest digital library.
• The mission of Project Gutenberg is simple: To encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks.
• All files can be accessed for free under an open-format layout.
• As of 3 October 2015, Project Gutenberg had reached 50,000 items in its collection of free eBooks.
• Project Gutenberg is closely affiliated with Distributed Proofreaders, an Internet-based community for proofreading scanned texts.
• Project Gutenberg is named after Johannes Gutenberg, who introduced book printing with movable type in Europe.

The Correct answer is 1994, William G. Bowen.

Key Points

• JSTOR-
  • JSTOR stands for "Journal Storage" and is a digital library that was founded by William G. Bowen in 1994 in the USA in New York City as a digital library.
  • It contains digitized back issues of academic journals, books, and other primary sources as well as current issues of journals in the humanities and social sciences.
  • William G. Bowen, who served as the president of Princeton University from 1972 to 1988, established JSTOR in 1994.
  • The idea for JSTOR originated as a response to the challenges faced by libraries, particularly research and university libraries, dealing with the growing number of academic journals.
  • It provides full-text searches of journals and provides open-access content free of charge.
  • JSTOR is licensed mainly to academic institutions, public libraries, research institutions, museums, and schools.

The Correct answer is Five.

Key PointsDigital Library Models and Architectures:

• Kahn-Wilensky Architecture:
  • Kahn and Wilensky (1995) defined a framework for distributed digital libraries, comprising a large number of digital objects across various material types.
  • Their key contribution was introducing naming conventions to identify and locate digital objects within repositories.
  • This framework laid the foundation for organizing and accessing digital content over networks.
• CRADDL (Cornell Reference Architecture for Distributed Digital Libraries):
  • Developed by Cornell University’s Digital Library Research Group, CRADDL is a component-based architecture for digital libraries. It includes five essential services:
    • Repository Service: Manages the deposit, storage, and access of digital objects.
    • Naming Service: Assigns unique identifiers to digital objects (URNs).
    • Indexing Service: Enables the discovery of objects via queries.
    • Collection Service: Aggregates digital objects into meaningful collections.
    • User Interface Services: Provides human-centered interfaces for interacting with the digital library.
• Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA):
  • CORBA represents a widely used model for distributed object-oriented computing.
  • It is integrated into the middleware of many commercial network system products.
  • CORBA is based on object-oriented and client-server technologies, offering an open systems approach for digital library designers to implement its specifications as needed.
  • CORBA is platform-independent at both hardware and software levels, allowing distributed components across various servers.
  • The Infobus Project at Stanford University implemented CORBA as the protocol for accessing a variety of information services.
• Software Agents Architecture and UMDL:
  • The University of Michigan Digital Library Project (UMDL) employs software agents in a federated system for digital library collections and services.
  • These agents are highly encapsulated software modules, each responsible for specific tasks.
  • The three primary types of agents in UMDL are:
    • User Interface Agent (UIA): Mediates user access to the system, converts queries, and manages user profiles.
    • Collection Interface Agent (CIA): Manages access to collections and describes the content, structure, and indexing systems.
    • Mediation Agent (MA): Coordinates tasks between agents, supports system activities, and maintains statistics
• Dienst refers to a system designed to configure individual services on distributed servers to collaborate in providing digital library services.
• Features of Dianst:
  • Conceptual architecture for distributed digital libraries
  • Protocol for service communication in digital library systems
  • Software system that serves as a reference implementation for the protocol and architecture
  • Defines operational characteristics of core digital services
  • Structured document model
  • Open and extensible protocol for communication and document access
  • Provides a mechanism for defining and managing distributed collections

The Correct answer is JASPER.

Key Points

• JASPER:
  • Project JASPER (JournAlS are Preserved forevER) was launched on World Preservation Day 2020 to address the issue of disappearing online journals, including both open-access and closed-access ones.
  • The initiative recognizes the importance of long-term archiving for scholarly work. 
  • Project JASPER is committed to preventing the disappearance of valuable resources.
  • It focuses on closing the preservation gap among open-access journals.
  • The process involves determining the best archiving option for publishers based on factors such as platform, the ability to send article metadata to DOAJ, and the capability to export and zip full text and images.
  • The goal is to guide journals toward the most suitable archiving option.

Additional Information

• CLOCKSS:
  • CLOCKSS is a nonprofit collaboration involving prominent academic publishers and research libraries.
  • It manages 12 archive nodes situated at key academic institutions globally.
• LOCKOSS:
  • The LOCKSS ("Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe") project, under the auspices of Stanford University.
  • It supports an open-source system allowing libraries to collect, preserve and provide their readers with access to material published on the Web.
  • Its main goal is digital preservation.
• ​DOAJ:​
  • Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ): DOAJ is an online directory of open-access journals consisting of 1,824,687 articles from peer-reviewed journals. 

The Correct answer is It provides centralized architecture for digital library.

Key Points

• Dienst refers to a system designed to configure individual services on distributed servers to collaborate in providing digital library services.
• Features of Dianst:
  • Conceptual architecture for distributed digital libraries
  • Protocol for service communication in digital library systems
  • Software system that serves as a reference implementation for the protocol and architecture
  • Defines operational characteristics of core digital services
  • Structured document model
  • Open and extensible protocol for communication and document access
  • Provides a mechanism for defining and managing distributed collections

Additional Information

Digital Library Models and Architectures:

• Kahn-Wilensky Architecture:
  • Kahn and Wilensky (1995) defined a framework for distributed digital libraries, comprising a large number of digital objects across various material types.
  • Their key contribution was introducing naming conventions to identify and locate digital objects within repositories.
  • This framework laid the foundation for organizing and accessing digital content over networks.
• CRADDL (Cornell Reference Architecture for Distributed Digital Libraries):
  • Developed by Cornell University’s Digital Library Research Group, CRADDL is a component-based architecture for digital libraries. It includes five essential services:
    • Repository Service: Manages the deposit, storage, and access of digital objects.
    • Naming Service: Assigns unique identifiers to digital objects (URNs).
    • Indexing Service: Enables the discovery of objects via queries.
    • Collection Service: Aggregates digital objects into meaningful collections.
    • User Interface Services: Provides human-centered interfaces for interacting with the digital library.
• Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA):
  • CORBA represents a widely used model for distributed object-oriented computing.
  • It is integrated into the middleware of many commercial network system products.
  • CORBA is based on object-oriented and client-server technologies, offering an open systems approach for digital library designers to implement its specifications as needed.
  • CORBA is platform-independent at both hardware and software levels, allowing distributed components across various servers.
  • The Infobus Project at Stanford University implemented CORBA as the protocol for accessing a variety of information services.
• Software Agents Architecture and UMDL:
  • The University of Michigan Digital Library Project (UMDL) employs software agents in a federated system for digital library collections and services.
  • These agents are highly encapsulated software modules, each responsible for specific tasks.
  • The three primary types of agents in UMDL are:
    • User Interface Agent (UIA): Mediates user access to the system, converts queries, and manages user profiles.
    • Collection Interface Agent (CIA): Manages access to collections and describes the content, structure, and indexing systems.
    • Mediation Agent (MA): Coordinates tasks between agents, supports system activities, and maintains statistics.

The Correct answer is Five.

Key Points

• PREMIS, which stands for "PREservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies," was an international working group sponsored by OCLC and RLG from 2003 to 2005.
• The group developed the PREMIS Data Dictionary for Preservation Metadata, providing both a data dictionary and narrative guidance on preservation metadata.
• The second version of this report was issued in March 2008, with the Library of Congress maintaining a schema for representing PREMIS in XML.
• The PREMIS data model defines five key entities:
  • Intellectual Entities: These represent the conceptual or logical content to be preserved, such as a digital collection, dataset, or work. They are the highest-level concept in preservation.
  • Objects: These are the actual digital representations (files or bitstreams) stored and managed for preservation.
  • Events: These actions or processes (such as creation, migration, or format transformation) are crucial for maintaining the integrity of digital objects over time.
  • Rights: This entity covers the intellectual property rights and access control associated with digital objects to ensure proper management and protection.
  • Agents: These represent individuals or organizations responsible for the creation, management, or preservation of digital objects, including software tools used for processing or migrating data.

The correct answer is ​Repository of Indian research in progress.

Key Points

• Shodh Gangotri: a repository of Indian research in progress-
  • ​Shodhgangotri is an initiative of the UGC, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, and INFILBNET Centre.
  • It is a type of alerting service.
  • Under this initiative, universities are requested to deposit an electronic version of the approved synopsis submitted by research scholars to the universities.

Additional Information

• Shodh Ganga:
  • Shodh Ganga is a repository of Indian theses and dissertations. It was launched in 2012 by the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR). The repository contains over 100,000 theses and dissertations in social sciences, humanities, and related disciplines. Shodh Ganga is a valuable resource for researchers, teachers, and students. It provides access to a wide range of research output, which can be used for research, teaching, and learning.
• Shodh Sindhu:
  • Shodh Sindhu is a database of research journals and e-books. It was launched in 2014 by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD). The database contains over 100,000 research journals and e-books in various disciplines. Shodh Sindhu is a valuable resource for researchers, teachers, and students. It provides access to a wide range of scholarly literature, which can be used for research, teaching, and learning.
• VIDWAN
  • ​It  is the premier database of profiles of scientists/researchers and other faculty members working at leading academic institutions.
    R & D organisations are also involved in teaching and research in India.
  • It provides important information about the expert's background, contact address, skills and accomplishments.
  • The database was developed and maintained by Information and Library Network Centre (INFLIBNET).

The Correct answer is Down the Memory Lane:

Key Points

• Down the Memory Lane:
  • ​The National Library of India initiated in the late 1990s a digitization program, known as 'Down the Memory Lane, to digitize rare books, manuscripts, and other resources from its collection.
• Dware Dware Gyan Sampada;
  • ​Mobile Digital Library (Dware Dware Gyan Sampada)is a product from C-DAC-ERDC Noida.
  • For spreading and promoting literacy among the common citizens, Internet-enabled Mobile
    Digital Library was brought to use. 
• ​The Information for All Programme (IFAP)
  • ​The Information for All Programme (IFAP) is a unique program of  UNESCO.
  • It was Created by UNESCO Member States in 2001.
  • The 12th session of the Intergovernmental Council for the Information for All Programme (IFAP) will take place in a hybrid format at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris, in Salle XI, on 21 and 22 June 2023.
• ​Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan;
  • Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan is the mission started by the Government of India on 13th May 2020, towards making India Self-reliant.
  • The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) has been actively pursuing the Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan.

Additional Information

• . OTHER DIGITAL LIBRARY INITIATIVES IN INDIA 
  • ​Archives of Indian Labour: The Archives of Indian Labour was set up in July 1998 as a collaborative project of V.V. Giri National Labour Institute and the Association of Indian Labour Historians.
  • Digital Library of art Masterpieces: HP Labs, (Hewlett Packard’s) announced a pilot project with the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC) to digitize part of the art collection in the National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA).
  • The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) has set up the Indian National Digital
    Library in Engineering Sciences and Technology (INDEST) Consortium on the recommendation made by the Expert Group.
  • Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGNCA), established a Digital Library, known as “Kalasampada”, (Digital Library Resource for Indian Cultural Heritage).

The Correct answer is It is a license agreement between the publisher and participating libraries.

Key Points

• Browsewrap and Clickwrap are methods used by websites to obtain user consent to terms and conditions.
• However, the key difference between the two lies in how the user provides consent:

Browsewrap:

• Definition: It is a passive form of consent where users are deemed to have agreed to the terms and conditions simply by using or browsing the website.
• Key Feature: The terms are usually linked at the bottom of the page, and users are not explicitly required to click or take any action to agree.
• Legality: Browsewrap can be seen as less legally enforceable because it doesn't require an active user action to signify agreement.

Clickwrap:

• Definition: Clickwrap requires an active step from the user, such as clicking an "I agree" button to show consent to the terms.
• Key Feature: Users must take an explicit action, often as part of a registration or account creation process, to agree to the terms.
• Legality: Clickwrap is generally considered to be more legally sound because it provides clear evidence that the user actively agreed to the terms.

Both of these methods are often part of license agreements between the content provider (like a publisher) and users (like participating libraries), ensuring that the terms of access or use of content are agreed upon

The Correct answer is To archive and protect information for long term retention.

Key Points

• The primary goal during the "preservation" phase of the information life cycle is to ensure that information is safely archived and protected for long-term retention.
• This phase focuses on safeguarding valuable information for future access, ensuring that it remains intact, and is not lost or corrupted over time.

Information Lifecycle Management (ILM):

• Information Lifecycle Management (ILM) is a comprehensive process that manages an organization's data from creation to disposal, ensuring it is aligned with business needs and regulatory requirements.

Purpose of ILM:

• The primary goal of ILM is to optimize data storage, accessibility, and cost-efficiency throughout its lifecycle.
• By managing data through different stages, it ensures compliance, enhances performance, and minimizes storage costs while preserving data integrity and availability.

5 Stages of Information Lifecycle:

• Acquisition and Creation:
  • This stage involves gathering data from various sources, such as manual entry, digital forms, and sensors.
  • Key challenges include ensuring data accuracy, and consistency, and verifying source reliability.
  • Proper management at this stage sets the foundation for effective data governance and prevents data overload.
• Storage and Maintenance:
  • At this stage, data is securely stored, with clear definitions of storage locations, backup schedules, and maintenance practices.
  • Many organizations use cloud storage for its accessibility and cost-efficiency, while others choose on-premise storage for better control.
• Processing and Use:
  • Data is processed and utilized for decision-making or analysis, such as using CRM data for business growth. Efficient sharing of data among departments and external entities ensures that the right information reaches the right people at the right time, while maintaining security.
• Disposition:
  • This phase determines when to discard or retain data.
  • A retention schedule is followed based on legal and regulatory requirements.
  • Failing to dispose of sensitive data in time can result in fines or penalties due to non-compliance.
• Archival:
  • In the archival phase, data that is no longer actively used but holds value is stored securely for long-term retention.
  • This phase ensures compliance with regulatory policies and provides access to historical data for audits or legal purposes.
  • It also focuses on storage efficiency and maintaining data integrity.

The Correct answer is August 1969. 

Key Points

• RECON – REtrospective CONversion:
  • Following the successful implementation of the MARC distribution service, various libraries across the United States expressed interest in converting their existing catalogs.
  • Recognizing the potential benefits of a cooperative conversion effort, the Library of Congress (LC) embraced the idea of a centralized conversion of retrospective cataloging records. In collaboration with the Council of Library Resources, LC conducted a comprehensive study known as Retrospective Conversion (RECON) in 1969. 
  • This study focused on several crucial aspects, including the necessary hardware and software, the selection of appropriate files for conversion, the establishment of priorities for the conversion process, and the associated costs.
  • The study recommended standardizing bibliographic content and machine format, which could apply to both current and retrospective materials.
  • Furthermore, it was recommended that the conversion effort should be centralized and overseen by the Library of Congress.
  • Based on these recommendations, the RECON pilot project was initiated in August 1969 and extended over two years.
  • The project's comprehensive report was published in 1972, highlighting the successful conversion of approximately 58,000 records during the pilot phase.

The Correct answer is ​Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

Key Points

• Assertion A: Federated search was developed to provide simplified access to electronic content that libraries acquire.
  • ​This assertion is stating that federated search is a tool or concept developed to make it easier for library users to access electronic content that libraries have obtained or acquired.
  • Federated search is a technology used in libraries to search multiple electronic databases and resources simultaneously, making it more convenient for users to find relevant information.
• Reason R: INFEED supports access to e‐resources in university libraries.
  • ​This is correct but not the correct explanation as
    • ​INFEED is just one of many systems that support access to e-resources in libraries.
    • The development of federated search as a concept and practice is much broader and doesn't solely rest upon systems like INFEED.
    • Rather, federated search was developed to streamline and simplify access to a broad range of electronic content from diverse sources, not just those facilitated by INFEED.

The correct answer is A-II, B ‐ I, C ‐ IV, D ‐ III.

Key Points

• The Alexandria Digital Library
  • ​The Alexandria Digital Library Project, initiated in 1995, is based at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
  • Its primary focus is the development and management of the Alexandria Digital Library, which encompasses geographically referenced materials and associated services for user access.
• arXiv
  • arXiv is an open-access repository of electronic preprints and post-prints.
  • It consists of scientific papers in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, electrical engineering, computer science, quantitative biology, statistics, mathematical finance, and economics.
  • It was launched on August 14, 1991.
  • It is owned and operated by Cornell University.
• ​Universal Digital Library:
  • ​Initially launched by Carnegie-Mellon University, this site had an ambitious goal of offering access to "all human knowledge, anytime, anywhere."
  • Although the project concluded in 2008, it still provides access to a vast collection of books and materials gathered from diverse sources.
• Project Gutenberg:​
  • Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works.
  • It also "encourages the creation and distribution of eBooks.
  • It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael S. Hart at the University of Illinois
  • It is the oldest digital library.
  • All files can be accessed for free under an open-format layout.