Antibiotics are medicines that help our body fight infections caused by bacteria. They work by either killing the bacteria or stopping them from growing. Since their discovery, antibiotics have saved millions of lives and are one of the most important tools in modern medicine. From treating a simple throat infection to serious conditions like pneumonia, antibiotics play a key role. In this article, we’ll explore how antibiotics are classified, look at some common examples, and understand how they are used in everyday healthcare.

What are Antibiotics?

Antibiotics are a type of medication used to treat bacterial infections. These Antimicrobial drugs are derived from fungi, molds, and bacteria. Antibiotics kill bacteria and prevent them from reproducing and spreading in the body. However, they are not effective against viral infections.

The following chart represents a chemical classification of antibiotics. This antibiotics classification table is based on the chemical structure of the required compound. Antibiotics classification is also based against susceptible bacteria in which they are effective.

Antibiotics Classification with Examples

Antibiotics classification depends on several categories based on various factors, such as their chemical structure and mechanism of action. Antibiotics classification is also based on their spectrum of action. There are two types of Antibiotics drug classification:

• semi-synthetic antibiotics
• synthetic antibiotics

Semi-synthetic antibiotics

• This type of antibiotics classification is a derivative of natural antibiotics.
• They are slightly different in their characteristics.
• For example, they can act against bacteria resistant to the original compound.
• They have a greater spectrum of activity.
• Semi-synthetic antibiotics cause fewer side effects.

Synthetic antibiotics

• This type of Antibiotic classification is entirely made in a laboratory. They are called synthetic antibiotics.
• For example, cephalosporins antibiotic. 
• Synthetic agents include Sulphonamides, Cotrimoxazole, Quinolones, Anti-virals, Antifungals and Anti-cancer drugs.

Classification of Antibiotics Drugs

The following is a list of Antibiotics classification with examples.

Penicillin

• Penicillin comes under beta lactam antibiotics classification. 
• It is a widely used antibiotic that is used to treat various diseases.
• It was initially made from Penicillium fungi.
• Penicillin is mainly used to treat infections such as skin infections or chest infections.
• Some common examples of penicillin are: Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Bafcillin and Penicillin V.

Cephalosporins

• Cephalosporins are also a part of beta lactam antibiotics classification.
• It is used to treat diseases like skin infections and meningitis.
• Some examples of cephalosporins are: Cefadroxil, Cefprozil, Ceftibuten and Cephalothin.

Fluoroquinolones

• Fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antibiotics.
• They are antibacterial drugs mainly used to treat respiratory and urinary tract infections. 
• Some side effects of fluoroquinolones are headaches and skin rashes.
• Some common examples of these antibiotics are: Ciprofloxacin, Delafloxacin, Levofloxacin and Moxifloxacin. 

Tetracycline

• It is mainly used to treat infectious diseases.
• It treats acne, rosacea, anthrax, and respiratory and skin diseases.
• Tetracycline also has many side effects and is not preferable for small children. 
• Some examples of tetracycline antibiotics are: Azithromycin, Tetracycline, Oxytetracycline and Doxycycline.

Aminoglycosides

• Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics commonly used to treat bacterial infections. 
• Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial ribosomes. They are responsible for protein synthesis.
• Aminoglycosides are typically administered intravenously or intramuscularly due to poor oral absorption.
• The dosage and frequency of administration depend on factors such as the specific drug.
• The most notable side effect is kidney damage, particularly in patients with pre-existing kidney problems.

Uses of Antibiotics

Following are the uses of Antibiotics: 

• Antibiotics treat bacterial infections by killing bacteria and preventing them from multiplying.
• Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu.
• They should only be prescribed to treat health problems that are unlikely to clear up without antibiotics, which could spread to other people if not promptly treated.
• Antibiotics may also be recommended for people more vulnerable to the harmful effects of infection.

Antibiotics Misuse and Resistance

Antibiotics are powerful medicines, but using them, the wrong way can lead to a serious problem called antibiotic resistance. This happens when bacteria change and stop responding to the antibiotics that used to kill them, making infections harder to treat. Resistance often occurs due to misuse like taking antibiotics for viral infections such as colds or flu, not finishing the full course, using leftover medicine, or taking them without a doctor’s advice. To use antibiotics safely, always follow your doctor’s instructions, complete the entire course even if you feel better, and never sell medication or share antibiotics with others. Using antibiotics wisely helps protect your health and ensures these medicines remain effective for everyone in the future.

Summary

Along with Antibiotics Classification, also learn about different topics of Chemistry here. Stay tuned to the Testbook App here!