Which of the following statements are valid regarding Human Development?

I. Two countries with the same level of Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, but ending with different human development outcomes is indicative of the importance of growth over development.

II. A country's score on the Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is not the same as its Human Development Index (HDI) even when there is no inequality among people.

III. In Gender Development Index (GDI), values below 1 indicate higher development for women than men.

IV. Planetary Pressures-adjusted Human Development Index (PHDI) focuses on intergenerational inequality just the same way, as the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) focuses on intragenerational inequality.

V. According to the Human Development Report 2021 22, a new uncertainty complex is emerging, which comprises of three new concerns - planetary changes, sweeping social transformations and polarized societies.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

Key Points

• Statement IV: The Planetary Pressures-adjusted Human Development Index (PHDI) indeed focuses on intergenerational inequality similar to how the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) focuses on intragenerational inequality.
• Statement V: According to the Human Development Report 2021-22, a new uncertainty complex is emerging, which comprises three new concerns - planetary changes, sweeping social transformations, and polarized societies.
• Both statements IV and V are valid and correct as per the latest Human Development Report.
• Other statements either have inaccuracies or misinterpretations about the specific indices mentioned.

Additional Information

• Gross National Income (GNI) per capita: It is the dollar value of a country's final income in a year, divided by its population. It reflects the average income of a country's citizens.
• Human Development Index (HDI): HDI is a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable, and having a decent standard of living.
• Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI): It adjusts the HDI for inequality in the distribution of each dimension across the population. The IHDI is equal to the HDI when there is no inequality but falls below the HDI as inequality rises.
• Gender Development Index (GDI): GDI measures gender gaps in human development achievements by accounting for disparities between women and men in three basic dimensions of human development: health, knowledge, and living standards.
• Planetary Pressures-adjusted Human Development Index (PHDI): It is an adjustment of the HDI to account for planetary pressures, thus aiming to reflect the impact of human development on the environment.
• Human Development Report 2021-22: The report highlights new emerging complexities and uncertainties such as planetary changes, sweeping social transformations, and polarized societies, which could affect human development in the coming years.