Reinforcement MCQ Quiz in मराठी - Objective Question with Answer for Reinforcement - मोफत PDF डाउनलोड करा

Reinforcement: Reinforcement theory seeks to explain what types of consequences motivate different people to work. Traditionally, it can be traced to the work of the pioneering behaviourist B.F. Skinner (1953). Behaviour that is accompanied by favourable consequences is likely to continue, while behaviour that is followed by unfavourable consequences is not likely to be repeated.

Key Points There are four types to give reinforcement:

 Negative reinforcement –

• It occurs when behaviour is accompanied by the removal of an unfavourable consequence that results in the strengthening of that behaviour.
• For example, an employee may work till late at the office to revise a sales presentation to prevent being rebuked by the boss the next morning. In this example, rebuking serves as a negative reinforcer that encourages avoidance behaviour.

 Thus, a student studies hard to retain the 'star, awarded for her best performance in class as she was told by the teacher that she will lose the star if her performance decreases. The reinforcement that makes the student study hard is negative reinforcement.

Additional InformationPositive reinforcement – It occurs when behaviour is followed by a favourable consequence that encourages the repetition of that behaviour. For example, a supervisor may praise the employee for a job well done. In this case, praise serves as a positive reinforcer that strengthens high-quality work. Other common positive reinforcers are recognition, promotion, money, approval, fringe benefits etc.

Punishment – It occurs when the administration of an unfavourable consequence discourages certain behaviour. Giving an employee a two-day suspension from work without pay for showing up drunk is an example of punishment.

Extinction – It occurs when the target behaviour decreases because no reinforcement follows it. For example, research suggests that when managers stop congratulating employees for their good performance, that performance tends to decline.

Reinforcement:  Reinforcement is a term that refers to the psychological process of motivating a person. Though used synonymously, there is a slight difference between motivation and reinforcement. Reinforcement is something that enhances the strength of the response and prompts repetitions of the behavior that preceded reinforcement.

Types of reinforcement: 

• Negative reinforcement 
• Positive reinforcement
• Punishment reinforcement
• Extinction reinforcement

Key Points Reinforcement promotes the happening of behavior in the future while punishment is a term that implies the reduction of happening of behavior in the future. It has positive (to add) and negative (to take away) factors:

• Positive Reinforcement: To add an action to repeat the outcome. For example: Offering rewards (action added) when children give correct answers. It should be noted that token money can also be used for this purpose in which tokens (fake currency, buttons, stickers) can be given and later exchanged with rewards.
• Negative Reinforcement: To take away an action to repeat an outcome. For example, Restrictions are removed (action is taken away) from prisoners when they behave well.
• Positive Punishment: To add an action to reduce an outcome. For example, Kids are sent outside the class (action added) so that they don’t make noise. (action reduced). 
• Negative Punishment: To take away an action to prevent something from happening. For example, The government asks citizens to stay at home (the government is taking away the freedom to go out) to prevent a pandemic.

Hence the above point describes Punishment also decreases by a decrease in negative reinforcement.

Hint This image can also explain the effect of reinforcement:

Additional Information

• Extinction reinforcement: When a response is not followed by reinforcement, a person is less likely to engage in the behavior again.

Reinforcement: Reinforcement is a term that refers to the psychological process of motivating a person. Though used synonymously, there is a slight difference between motivation and reinforcement. Reinforcement is something which enhances the strength of the response and prompts repetitions of the behaviour that preceded reinforcement Following the behaviour, the contingent event may come on or increase (positive), or the contingent event may go off or decrease (negative). This produces four combinations: 

• positive reinforcement,
• negative reinforcement,
• positive punishment,
• negative punishment.

Key Points Negative reinforcement:

• Negative reinforcement is an increase in the probability of behaviour due to a decrease in the contingent event. A person learns to use his relaxation skills to offset anxiety, with the decrease in anxiety being a negative reinforcer.
• Thus, negative reinforcement is based on the decrease of something undesired such as pain or anxiety. Negative reinforcement is not punishment; reinforcement is an increase in the probability of behaviour, while punishment is a decrease. 
• Negative reinforcement is the basis of escape conditioning, learning to escape an aversive situation and being reinforced by the decrease in aversion.
• Thus, the Application of bitter agents on the thumb to discontinue thumb sucking in a child is negative reinforcement.

Additional Information

• Positive reinforcement: Positive reinforcement is an increase in the probability of behaviour due to an increase in the contingent event. Jane, a new manager in a company, began praising workers for submitting their reports on time. In a couple of weeks, this reinforcement by praise greatly increased on-time reports. Positive reinforcement, when appropriately used, is one of the most powerful of all behaviour change tools. 
• Positive punishment: Positive punishment is a decrease in the probability of behaviour due to an increase in the contingent event. This is what most people mean when they use the word “punishment.” If every time Ali tells his algebra teacher he is having trouble keeping up with the class he is then given extra remedial Work, then the extra work may act as a punisher resulting in a decrease in asking for help.
• Negative punishment: Negative punishment is a decrease in the probability of behaviour due to a decrease in the contingent event. This corresponds to a decrease in something desirable following some behaviour. If every time a person stutters, he briefly turns off a movie he is watching and if this results in a decrease in stuttering, then the offset of the movie is a negative punisher for stuttering.

Learning can be defined as the process by which any relatively permanent change in behavior occurs as a result of practice and /or experience. Reinforcement as a term refers to the psychological process of motivating a person.

• Reinforcement is something that enhances the strength of the response and prompts repetitions of the behavior that preceded reinforcement.
• Reinforcement, punishment, and extinction play a key role in the learning process. Reinforcement is used to enhance desirable behavior while punishment and extinction are employed to minimize undesirable behavior.

Key Points

Reinforcement is the attempt to develop or strengthen desirable behavior. There are two types of reinforcement - positive and negative reinforcement.

• Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
• This is different from punishment, which involves presenting or removing a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
• Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior by taking away an aversive condition.

Thus, it is concluded that 'Negative Reinforcement' means terminating an unpleasant stimulus.

Additional Information

• Positive reinforcement: Positive reinforcement strengthens and enhances behavior by the presence of positive reinforcers. 

Statements like "he is solving the problem like an expert" or "she is singing very well like Lata Mangeshkar" provide examples or models for a child to imitate or emulate.

Key Points

• This is a form of vicarious reinforcement, where the child observes others being praised or rewarded for certain behaviors and is motivated to imitate those behaviors to receive similar positive reinforcement.
• In this context, the child is likely to be motivated to imitate the problem-solving skills or singing style demonstrated by the expert or Lata Mangeshkar, anticipating that similar praise or positive outcomes will follow.
• This type of observational learning and imitation is a key aspect of vicarious reinforcement in the context of social learning theory.

Hence, the correct answer is vicarious reinforcement.Hint

• Readiness: This refers to a child's natural developmental stage that allows them to learn a specific skill. 
• Providing direct praise or incentives: While this can reinforce desired behavior, the statements don't explicitly mention any direct rewards or praise.
• Satisfying consequences: Similar to direct reinforcement, the statements don't directly mention specific positive consequences for the child's imitation.

Language development is the process by which children come to understand and communicate language throughout their life.

Key PointsFor students, feedback points out what they have done well and what they should keep doing, as well as what they should adjust and work on next.

• Including both positive and negative or corrective feedback can motivate students and promote a growth mindset, which enables them to see errors as opportunities to learn, grow, and improve.
• Feedback is also valuable for teachers. It gives them an opportunity to analyze student growth in terms of objectives they are trying to meet. It informs teachers about the strengths in the student’s work and the areas where more work is needed.
• It is unbiased in our assessment and fair in our judgments as culturally responsive teachers, feedback enables us to clearly signal what we value in our students’ thinking, background, and work.
• It allows space to prompt our students' thinking. Ultimately, though, the real reason for effective feedback—the kind that is targeted, specific, and timely—is that it results in better learning for students.
• Improving student learning is our ultimate reason to implement effective feedback in the classroom.
• Because of what we understand about the developmental nature and the role of errors in language learning, we recognize that feedback that is appropriate for English learners is also balanced, differentiated, and supportive.
• Appropriate feedback considers individual students' needs based on where they are developmentally and is constructed in relation to the reading, writing, speaking, listening that they produce.
• Teachers need to look for patterns in the student’s work, see what the student knows and what kind of errors they make, and provide feedback related to the next step in their growth. 

Hint

• Giving feedback to students with only certain issues will only lead to exclusion in the classroom which should be avoided. Ignoring the mistakes will not lead to an effective classroom environment.

Therefore, the teacher must analyze their mistakes and will adopt a measure to rectify their mistakes. She should ignore the mistakes that occur due to interference of their first language, and later after seeing the pattern can give effective feedback.