Methods of Data Collection MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Methods of Data Collection - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

The correct answer is Code Book.

Key Points

• A Code Book is a comprehensive document used in research, particularly in quantitative studies, to provide a systematic way of assigning numerical codes to responses collected from participants in a survey or study.
• This coding process is important for converting qualitative information (textual responses) into quantitative data that can be easily analyzed statistically.
• The primary purpose of a Code Book is to ensure consistency and accuracy in the process of transforming open-ended or qualitative data into a structured format.
• It includes guidelines for categorizing and assigning codes to various responses.

Additional Information

• Questionnaire-
  • ​This is the most widely used method of user studies and can be used even if the user is scattered in different places.
  • The questionnaire is the General or Conventional method of a user study.
  • The questionnaire is made short and simple so that filling it does not take time.
• Interview schedule:
  • An interview schedule is a structured question list used as a guide by interviewers, researchers, and investigators.
  • It aids in collecting specific information about a topic.
  • The interviewer uses the schedule to ask questions and record responses during the interview.
• Research Proposal :
  • ​A research proposal outlines your research question and approach.
  • It showcases your understanding of the subject and the methods you plan to employ.

The Correct answer is (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (II):

Key Points

•  Historical analysis
  • It is a method of examination of evidence in coming to an understanding of the past. It is particularly applied to evidence contained in documents, although it can be applied to all artifacts.
  • The methods and techniques applied in historical research are; source criticism, time series analysis, Content analysis, recording of notes,  the use of comparative methods, and counterfactual analysis
• ​Documentary analysis:
  • ​Documentary analysis (document analysis) is a type of qualitative research in which documents are reviewed by the analyst to assess an appraisal theme.
  • Dissecting documents involves coding content into subjects, the statistical compilation and format of documents, manipulation of Coanalysisylisis, etc.
• Non-participant Observation
  • It involves observing participants without actively participating.
  • This method is used to understand a phenomenon by entering the community or social system involved while staying separate from the activities being observed.
  • Observational behavioral scales and the use of scorecards are some techniques used in it.
• Participant observation:
  • It is one type of data collection method by practitioner-scholars typically used in qualitative research and ethnography.
  • The concept of "participant observation" was first coined in 1924 by Eduard C. Lindeman
  • interacting with people and recording the information in audio-visual format is one of the techniques used in participating Observation.

The Correct answer is (i) and (iv) are correct.

Key Points

• Diary (i): A qualitative data collection tool where participants record observations, behaviors, or experiences.
• SurveyMonkey (iv): An online tool used to collect survey data, making it a digital data collection instrument.

Additional Information

• Sampling (ii) is a method for selecting a subset of data, not a collection tool.
• Data analysis and interpretation (iii) happens after data is collected, not during the collection phase

The Correct answer is Focussed.

Key Points

• The interview where the emphasis will be upon a given experience and the effects are known as Focussed.
• Focused interviews are designed to explore specific topics or experiences in depth, allowing the researcher to gain a detailed understanding of the interviewee's perspectives regarding the particular subject of interest.
• In this approach, the interviewer directs the conversation toward a particular event, situation, or aspect of the interviewee’s life.
• The goal is to gain deeper insights into that specific experience and understand its impact.

Additional Information

Structured Interviews:

• Structured interviews, also known as standardized interviews, are research tools characterized by predetermined questions aimed at obtaining and analyzing quantitative results.
• These interviews maintain uniformity across all sessions and are commonly used in survey research, including focus group and in-person interviews.

Semi-Structured Interviews:

• Semi-structured interviews provide researchers with flexibility to probe respondents while maintaining a basic interview structure.
• This approach allows for guided conversations, enabling researchers to gather detailed information without the need for multiple interview rounds.
• Semi-structured interviews are beneficial when time is limited and comprehensive information is required.

Unstructured Interviews:

• Unstructured interviews, also known as in-depth interviews, involve conversational interactions aimed at gathering data for research purposes.
• With minimal predefined questions, these interviews resemble natural conversations, fostering a deeper connection with respondents and encouraging candid responses.
• Researchers have the freedom to approach participants ethically to gather comprehensive information, although maintaining focus on the research topic is essential.

The Correct answer is Cluster.

Key PointsCluster Sampling:

• Cluster sampling is a sampling method in which the entire population of the study is divided into externally homogeneous but internally heterogeneous groups called clusters. 
• Each cluster represents a miniature version of the overall population. From these clusters, specific ones are selected using simple random sampling to serve as the study sample.
• The population within each cluster needs to be diverse, yet there should be consistency between clusters.

Additional Information

• Simple Random Sampling:
  • Simple random sampling is a probability sampling technique where each individual in the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected for the study.
  • This is typically achieved using randomization methods such as random number generators or drawing lots.
  • The fundamental characteristic of simple random sampling is the unbiased and equal opportunity for every element in the population to be included in the sample.
• Stratified Random Sampling:
  • ​Stratified sampling involves dividing a population into distinct and homogeneous groups, known as strata.
  • Independent samples are then selected from each stratum, with various sampling methods applicable within each group.
  • Stratification is based on variables such as age, sex, residence, income, or any characteristic with available values for all units in the sampling frame.
  • This approach aims to enhance sampling efficiency by considering factors that influence variability. 
  • Example: We have a big population (a city) and we want to ensure the representativeness of all groups with a pre-determined characteristic such as: age groups, ethnic origin, and gender
• Systematic Sampling:
  • ​Researchers use systematic sampling to select a sample from a population by determining a sampling interval.
  • This method involves dividing the population size by the desired sample size to establish the interval and then selecting every nth element.
  • Example: Every nth patient entering the out-patient clinic is selected and included in our sample

The Correct answer is A, B, C, and E only.

Key Points

• The case study method is a qualitative research approach used to explore an individual or a small group in depth over some time.
• The sources of information for a case study can vary, but commonly include:
  • Confessions: These are personal admissions or acknowledgments by individuals involved in the study, providing insights into their experiences or behaviors.
  • Observations: The researcher directly observes the behavior, actions, or environments of the subject in real-time or over a period of time.
  • Life histories: Detailed biographical accounts that provide context for a subject's current situation or behavior, offering long-term insights.
  • Interviews of individuals: Direct conversations with the individuals being studied, allowing for clarification and deeper understanding of their thoughts, motivations, or experiences.

The correct answer is Clinical Interview.

Key Points

• A Clinical Interview is designed to gather comprehensive information about an individual's life experiences, including their broad underlying feelings and emotions.
• This type of interview is often used in psychological and psychiatric evaluations to understand a person's mental state and emotional well-being.
• It involves open-ended questions that allow individuals to express their thoughts and feelings freely, providing a deeper insight into their inner experiences.
• Clinical interviews are typically conducted by trained professionals such as psychologists, psychiatrists, and counselors.
• The information gathered during a clinical interview can be used to diagnose mental health conditions, develop treatment plans, and provide therapeutic support.

 Additional Information

• Focused Interview
  • A Focused Interview is structured to gather specific information about a particular topic or event.
  • It typically involves pre-determined questions that guide the interviewee to provide detailed responses related to the focus area.
  • This type of interview is useful for obtaining precise data and insights on a specific subject matter.
• Non-directive Interview
  • A Non-directive Interview allows the interviewee to lead the conversation, with minimal guidance from the interviewer.
  • The interviewer may use open-ended questions to facilitate discussion but avoids directing the responses.
  • This approach is often used in counseling and therapy to encourage self-exploration and personal expression.
• Telephonic Interview
  • A Telephonic Interview is conducted over the phone, allowing for remote data collection.
  • It is useful for reaching respondents who are geographically dispersed or for initial screening purposes.
  • While convenient, it may lack the depth of face-to-face interviews due to the absence of non-verbal cues

The correct answer is the Multiple Structured Questionnaire.

Key Points

• A Multiple Structured Questionnaire is a type of questionnaire that provides a list of possible responses.
• It allows the respondent to select any number of choices from the list.
• This type of questionnaire is commonly used in surveys and research to gather comprehensive data.
• It helps in collecting quantitative data as respondents can choose multiple options that apply to them.
• Structured questionnaires are designed to ensure that all respondents are asked the same set of questions in the same order.
• They help in improving the reliability and validity of the data collected.
• Examples include customer satisfaction surveys, market research surveys, and employee feedback forms.

Additional Information

• Dichotomous Questionnaire
  • A Dichotomous Questionnaire provides only two possible responses to each question, such as Yes/No or True/False.
  • It is useful for simple, binary choices and is often used in preliminary surveys or screening questionnaires.
• Multiple Scaling Questionnaire
  • A Multiple Scaling Questionnaire involves asking respondents to rate items on a scale, such as Likert scales or semantic differential scales.
  • This type of questionnaire is used to measure attitudes, opinions, and perceptions.
• Multiple Dichotomous Questionnaire
  • A Multiple Dichotomous Questionnaire combines elements of dichotomous questions with multiple-choice formats.
  • Respondents are given multiple questions, each with a binary choice.

The Correct answer is Stratified Sampling.

Key Points

• Stratified Sampling is a method used when the population is heterogeneous.
• In this method, the population is divided into distinct subgroups or strata that share similar characteristics.
• Each stratum is then sampled independently, which ensures representation from all subgroups.
• This method increases the precision and accuracy of the results.
• It is particularly effective in studies where different subgroups are expected to behave differently or have different characteristics.
• Examples of strata could include age groups, income levels, or geographical locations.

 Additional Information

• Cluster Sampling
  • Cluster Sampling involves dividing the population into clusters, usually based on geographical areas or institutions.
  • A random sample of clusters is then chosen, and all members of the selected clusters are studied.
  • This method is useful when the population is widely dispersed.
  • However, it may introduce more variability and reduce precision compared to stratified sampling.
• Convenient Sampling
  • Convenient Sampling involves selecting a sample based on availability and convenience.
  • This method is often used in exploratory research where precision is not the primary concern.
  • It is not recommended for studies that require representativeness.
• Lottery Method
  • The Lottery Method is a simple random sampling technique.
  • Each member of the population is assigned a unique number, and numbers are drawn randomly to select the sample.
  • This method is straightforward but may not be practical for large populations

Key Points

• In a group interview, the interviewer collects information from the same group of respondents two or more times at regular intervals.
• This method is often used in longitudinal studies, where researchers are interested in observing changes over time.
• It allows for the assessment of trends and developments within the group.
• Group interviews can be particularly useful in educational research, market research, and social science studies.
• They help in understanding the dynamic nature of group behaviors and opinions.

 Additional Information

•  Personal interview
  • A personal interview involves a one-on-one interaction between the interviewer and the respondent.
  • This method is ideal for collecting detailed and in-depth information.
• Focused interview
  • In a focused interview, the interviewer asks specific questions to gather detailed information on a particular topic.
  • This method is often used in qualitative research.
• Structured interview
  • A structured interview follows a predefined set of questions.
  • This method ensures consistency and comparability of responses