Major Philosophies of Education MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Major Philosophies of Education - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

Philosophy and education are interconnected in the sense that philosophy deals with the goals and essentials of a good life while education provides the means to achieve those goals of good life. Some of the popular philosophies of education are idealism, naturalism, pragmatism, etc.

Key Points

Naturalism:

• Jean Jacques Rousseau was the major proponent of the naturalistic philosophy.
• Naturalists believe that nature is the ultimate reality and there is nothing beyond nature.
• Naturalism is opposed to the existence of a universe of ideas and values.
• ‘Back to nature’ is the watchword of naturalism.
• It is a doctrine that separates nature and God.
• They believe that education should be according to the nature of the child.
• According to naturalism, a child is a gift of nature with potentialities for natural growth according to laws of nature.

Hence, it is clear from the above-mentioned points that the naturalistic philosophy of education denies the existence of a universe of ideas and values.

Philosophy and education are interconnected in the sense that philosophy deals with the goals and essentials of a good life while education provides the means to achieve those goals of the good life. Some of the popular philosophies of education are idealism, naturalism, pragmatism, etc.

Naturalism: Jean Jacques Rousseau was the major proponent of naturalistic philosophy. Naturalists believe that nature is the ultimate reality and are opposed to the world of ideas. ‘Back to nature is the watchword of naturalism.

Hence, as you can see from the table, learning by doing, the play-way method and co-education are all important tenets of naturalism.

Behaviorism can be defined as a concept of learning through conditioning.

Key Points

• The psychologist who is considered to be the father of the behaviorism theory is John B. Watson
• Connectionism is a concept that states that individuals learn by developing connections between stimuli and correct responses. This theory came into action on the basis of Thorndike trial and error theory.
• The connection between the stimuli and correct response grows stronger with time and leads to the development of habit in an individual.
• Habit formation is a part of the behavior development of an individual.

 Hint

• Functionalism: Cognitive ability to adapt to the environment.
• Gestalt: Whole is greater than individual parts
• Structuralism: How smaller cognitive abilities combine to form complex mental processes. 

Thus to conclude Connectionism theory laid the foundation for behaviorism.

Classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response and a stimulus, while operant conditioning is about associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence.

Important Points

Statement I: Operant conditioning was discovered by Thorndike.

B .F. Skinner is regarded as the father of Operant Conditioning, but his work was based on Thorndike's (1898) law of effect.

• Skinner believed that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences.
• He called this approach operant conditioning. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning was based on the work of Thorndike (1905).
• Edward Thorndike studied learning in animals using a puzzle box to propose the theory known as the 'Law of Effect '.

Statement II: Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov.

• Classical conditioning is learning through association and was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov in 1897.
• Pavlov showed that dogs could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell if that sound was repeatedly presented at the same time that they were given food.

Therefore, based on the above information Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

Philosophy is the quest for truth about the nature of the universe and man. It is a collection of several different worldviews. These are the 4 traditional philosophies of education:

The correct answer is Progressionism.

Progressionism: Progressive evolution, evolutionary progress, or progressionism, is the biological hypothesis that organisms have an innate tendency to evolve in a definite direction towards some goal (teleology) due to some internal mechanism or "driving force".

1. Perennialism is a teacher-centered educational philosophy that focuses on everlasting ideas and universal truths. To clarify, Perennialism suggests that the focus of education should be the ideas that have lasted for centuries believing the ideas are as relevant and meaningful today as when they were written. 

2. Essentialism: Essentialism is the view that every entity has a set of attributes that are necessary to its identity and function. In early Western thought, Plato's idealism held that all things have such an "essence"—an "idea" or "form".

3. Reconstructionism: Social reconstructionism is a philosophy that emphasizes the addressing of social questions and a quest to create a better society and worldwide democracy. Reconstructionist educators focus on a curriculum that highlights social reform as the aim of education.

NOTE: However, the question remains canceled and marks awarded to all candidates appeared in the test.

Key Points

Naturalism:

• It was developed in the 18th century. It is based on the assumption that nature represents the wholeness of reality.
• Nature, itself, is a total system that contains and explains all existence including human beings and human nature.
• Naturalism in education stands for the doctrine of “follow nature” in education. It wants all education to be in strict conformity with the nature of the child.
• It stands for complete freedom to be given to the child in learning. He is to be left alone, absolutely free to adjust them in the social context.
• The naturalistic philosophy of education is as old as the idealistic philosophy of education as it lays emphasis upon nature in every field of education.
• The naturalistic philosophers of education derive the aims and ideals, the means the methods of teaching, and the principles of curriculum and school management from nature. 
• The naturalistic philosophy of education is as old as the idealistic philosophy of education as it lays emphasis upon nature in every field of education.
• According to Rousseau, education depends on the role of three teachers in co-operation with one another are Nature, Man, and Things. The child learns better in a social context with the help of the teacher.

Social adjustment is the Naturalist ideal of education.

Philosophy is a continuous search for insight into basic realities such as the physical world, life, mind, society, etc. Philosophy and education are interconnected in the sense that philosophy deals with the goals and essentials of a good life while education provides the means to achieve those goals of a good life. Some of the popular philosophies of education are idealism, naturalism, pragmatism, etc.

Idealism: It is a philosophical approach whose basic tenet is that ideas are the only true reality. Idealism regards man as a spiritual being.

Idealism and its goals for education are:

1. Self-realization: Education must aim to make individuals aware of his/her ‘self’. i.e. full knowledge of self as well as the development of the inherent powers of man. It consists of four stages:

1. Physical and Biological self
2. Social self: social relations and social values
3. Mental self: self-directed reasoning
4. Spiritual self: overall transformation of one’s personality

2. Development of spiritual values as opposed to materialistic values
3. Cultivation of truth, beauty and goodness
4. Conservation and transmission of cultural heritage
5. Development of rationality so that children can discover the absolute truth

Hence, as you can see, the main goals of education according to education are self-realization and overall exaltation of personality.

Learning outcomes refers to the results obtained after the successful teaching-learning process.

 Key Points

• Learning outcome means the change in the behavior of the child.
• They provide an overview of what students should know, be able to do, or be able to value after completing a course or program.
• ​Changing the teaching method of a teacher results in changing the effectiveness of the learning outcome.​
• Completion of the syllabus is not a learning outcome and it should not be a learning outcome for any teacher.​

Hence we conclude that learning outcome means the change in behavior of a child.

Additional Information

The learning outcomes are designed to make students academically sound, and skillful, and prepare them for lifelong learning. 

They must be -

• S-Specific
• M-Measurable
• A-Achievable
• R-Realistic
• T-Timely

Educational psychology involves the study of how people learn, including teaching methods, instructional processes, and individual differences in learning. The goal is to understand how people learn and retain new information.

Key Points

• Edward Thorndike was a well-known psychologist who is widely regarded as the father of modern educational psychology.
• In the early 1900s, he published articles in The Journal of Educational Psychology.
• He was most famous for his famous puzzle box experiments with cats, which led to the development of his law of effect.
• Thorndike was elected president of the American Psychological Association in 1912, and in 1917, he was one of the first psychologists to be elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
• Thorndike's law of effect states that responses that are immediately followed by a satisfactory outcome become more strongly associated with the situation and, as a result, are more likely to occur again in the future.

Additional Information

•  B. F. Skinner was an American psychologist best-known for his influence on behaviorism. Skinner referred to his own philosophy as 'radical behaviorism' and suggested that the concept of free will was simply an illusion.
  • All human action, he instead believed, was the direct result of conditioning.
• Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist and genetic epistemologist.
  • He is most famously known for his theory of cognitive development which looked at how children develop intellectually throughout the course of childhood.
• Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a theory that focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning.
  • Kohlberg's theory suggests that moral development occurs in a series of six stages. The theory also suggests that moral logic is primarily focused on seeking and maintaining justice.