Geographical Techniques MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Geographical Techniques - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

The correct answer is 'Spatial feature manipulation'

Key Points

• Spatial feature manipulation:
  • Spatial feature manipulation involves enhancing specific spatial features in an image to improve its interpretability.
  • This procedure can include operations such as edge enhancement, contrast enhancement, and filtering to highlight or suppress certain features.
  • Spatial feature manipulation helps in making the important details of the image more visible and distinguishable.
  • This technique is commonly used in applications like satellite imagery analysis, medical imaging, and various other fields requiring detailed image interpretation.

Additional Information

• Radiometric Correction:
  • Radiometric correction is a preprocessing step that adjusts the digital image values to correct sensor and atmospheric effects.
  • It ensures that the image accurately represents the reflected or emitted radiation from the Earth's surface.
• Geometric Correction:
  • Geometric correction involves rectifying the geometric distortions in an image to ensure that the spatial coordinates match the real-world coordinates.
  • This process is essential for accurate mapping and spatial analysis.
• Noise Removal:
  • Noise removal is a preprocessing step that involves eliminating random variations in image data, which can be caused by sensor errors, environmental conditions, or other factors.
  • This step helps in improving the clarity and quality of the image by reducing unwanted noise.

Characteristics of a histogram:

• A histogram is a chart that plots the distribution of a numeric variable’s values as a series of bars.
• Each bar typically covers a range of numeric values called a bin or class.
• A bar’s height indicates the frequency of data points with a value within the corresponding bin.
• The histogram generally shows a frequency distribution.
• In order to use a histogram, we simply require a variable that takes continuous numeric values.
• Histograms are good for showing general distributional features of dataset variables. 

• A histogram is used to summarize discrete or continuous data.

Parts of a Histogram

1. The title: The title describes the information included in the histogram.
2. X-axis: The X-axis are intervals that show the scale of values under which the measurements fall.
3. Y-axis: The Y-axis shows the number of times that the values occurred within the intervals set by the X-axis.
4. The bars: The height of the bar shows the number of times that the values occurred within the interval, while the width of the bar shows the interval that is covered. For a histogram with equal bins, the width should be the same across all bars.

A graphical presentation of a histogram,

Therefore, it is clear that Histogram is associated with Continuous frequency distribution.

Answer

Option 3) (B), (C) and (E) only

Maps are the representation of various parts of Earth showing the details on a particular scale. Maps can be classified on the basis of scale into four types.

Key Points

Cadastral Maps:

Cadastral Maps are drawn on a very large scale, varying from 16 inches to a mile, to 32 inches to a mile. Most of the cadastral map has a scale between 1: 500 and 1: 2,500. They show all possible details of an area. These are drawn especially to demarcate the boundaries of fields, buildings to register the ownership.

Topographical Map:

Topographical Maps are drawn on a large scale which is smaIIer than that of Cadastral maps. They show principal topographic forms like relief, drainage, towns, village, forests, etc. The scale varies from 1:25000 to 1:50000.

Wall Maps:

Wall Maps are also known as classrooms, as they are used for class room study. Their scale is smaller than that of the topographicaI maps but larger than the Globe. The scale for wall maps ranges from 1:100000 to 1:500000.

Globe: 

Globe is drawn on a very small scale giving general information about the physical, climatic, and economic characteristics of different regions. They have a scale of 1:1000000 or smaller .

Additional Information

Maps on the basis of purpose can be classified into different types. These are Political Maps, Historical Maps, Economic Maps, Weather and Climatic Maps, Relief Maps, Geological Maps, etc. Hence the correct sequence of maps from larger to smaller scale is Cadastral, Topographic, Wall, and Globe.

Correlation coefficient:

• The correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the strength of the relationship between the relative movements of two variables.
• The values range between -1.0 and 1.0. A calculated number is greater than 1.0 or less than -1.0 means that there was an error in the correlation measurement.
• A correlation of -1.0 shows a perfect negative correlation, while a correlation of 1.0 shows a perfect positive correlation.
• A correlation of 0.0 shows no linear relationship between the movements of the two variables.
• The coefficient of correlation is the square root of the coefficient of determination.
• The zero value of the correlation coefficient cannot estimate the value of a dependent variable.
• A value of exactly 1.0 means there is a perfect positive relationship between the two variables.
• For a positive increase in one variable, there is also a positive increase in the second variable.
• A value of -1.0 means there is a perfect negative relationship between the two variables.
• Pearson's correlation coefficient,

	=	correlation coefficient
	=	values of the x-variable in a sample
	=	mean of the values of the x-variable
	=	values of the y-variable in a sample
	=	mean of the values of the y-variable

Therefore, c and d are true.

The correct answer is Colours.Important Points

•  Chorochromatic maps use colors to represent geographical data. These maps often use different colors to indicate different categories of data.
• For example, a chorochromatic map might use one color to represent mountainous areas, another color to represent plains, and yet another to represent bodies of water.

Therefore, the correct answer from your options is "1) Colours"
Additional Information

Lines:

• In cartography, lines are typically used to represent features that are linear in nature, such as roads, rivers, or boundaries. Isoline maps, which include contour maps, use lines to connect points of equal value.
• For example, on a contour map, each line represents a specific elevation above sea level.

Points:

• Point symbols are used to represent specific locations or discrete data points on a map.
• These can include things like cities, individual landmarks, or data sampling locations.

Pictures:

• Pictorial symbols or pictograms, which can be considered as a type of picture, are often used on maps to represent particular features or points of interest.
• For example, a small icon of an airplane might be used to represent the location of an airport, or a tree symbol might be used to represent a national park. This type of representation is common on tourist and thematic maps.

Correct Answer: ​1: 10,000

Map Scale:

• A representative fraction (RF) is the ratio of a distance on the map to a distance on the ground.
• Representative Fraction ( R. F. ) shows the relationship between the map distance and the corresponding ground distance in units of length.
• R. F. is generally shown infractions because it shows how much the real world is reduced to fit on the map.
• For example, a fraction of 1: 24,000 shows that one unit of length on the map represents 24,000 of the same units on the ground i.e. one mm, one cm, or one inch. on the map representing 24,000 mm, 24,000 cm, and 24,000 inches, respectively of the ground.

Key Points

•  According to their scale, all options classified as, 1: 10,000 = Cadastral map, 1: 125,000 = Topographical map, 1 : 1,000,000 = Wall map, 1 : 3,000,000 = Atlas map.
• In Cadastral Map Shows the area on a large scale. 
• A 'large' scale map is one in which a given part of the Earth is represented by a large area on the map.
• Large scale maps generally show more detail than small scale maps because at a large scale there is more space on the map in which to show features.
• Large scale maps are typically used to show site plans, local areas, neighborhoods, towns, etc. 1:2,500 is an example of a large scale.
• A large-scale map showing the boundaries of subdivisions of land, usually with the directions and lengths thereof and the areas of individual tracts, compiled for the purpose of describing and recording ownership.
• Large-scale diagrams or map shows more precise dimensions and features.
• Cadastral maps commonly range from scales of 1:500 to 1:10,000.​

Additional Information

• The scale of a map is the ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground. This simple concept is complicated by the curvature of the Earth's surface, which forces scale to vary across a map. The scale on a map shows the size of the area represented by the map. For example, a scale of 1:10,000 on a map means that 1 mm on the map is the same as 10,000 mm in reality. 10,000 mm is the same as 10 m. Different maps have different scales, such as 1:50,000 or 1:25,000.

The correct answer is: C, B, A, D

Key Points

• Normal Distribution Basics:
  • It is symmetric about the mean, with the highest frequency occurring at the mean score.
  • The frequency decreases as we move away from the mean in either direction.
  • The total area under the normal curve equals 1, representing total probability or total frequency.
• Interpretation of Intervals Relative to the Mean (40):
  • C (30 to X̅): This interval ranges from 30 up to the mean 40, covering a 10-unit range just below the mean. Since it is close to the mean, it contains relatively high frequency.
  • B (X̅ to 55): This interval goes from 40 to 55, covering 15 units just above the mean. It contains slightly less frequency compared to C, as it moves further from the mean.
  • A (30 to 50): This interval spans from 30 to 50, covering 20 units around the mean, including parts below and above it. It includes frequencies from both sides of the mean, thus has a moderate total frequency.
  • D (10 to X̅): This is the largest interval extending farthest below the mean (10 to 40), covering 30 units. However, since it stretches further away from the mean, the average frequency per unit is lower, and the overall frequency is less concentrated.
• Frequency Ordering Logic:
  • The highest frequencies are near the mean; intervals closer to the mean have higher frequency densities.
  • Intervals extending farther from the mean have lower frequency densities due to the shape of the normal curve.
  • Therefore, among the given intervals, the one closest and smallest around the mean (30 to 40) has the highest frequency, and the widest interval extending farthest (10 to 40) has the lowest.

Additional Information

• In a normal distribution, approximately 68% of data lies within one standard deviation from the mean. Although the standard deviation is not given, the frequency concept still follows the proximity principle: scores nearer the mean have higher occurrence.
• Interval C (30 to 40) is closest to the mean on the lower side and therefore will contain the highest frequency among the intervals listed.
• Interval B (40 to 55) moves away from the mean but still within a moderate range, so frequency is somewhat less than C but more than the larger intervals.
• Interval A (30 to 50) includes parts of both sides of the mean but is broader and thus has a moderate frequency, less than intervals closer to the mean.
• Interval D (10 to 40), despite being large, extends farthest from the mean, where frequencies tail off, resulting in the lowest frequency of all intervals.
• Thus, ordering frequencies in ascending order as C, B, A, D aligns with the characteristics of the normal distribution curve.

the correct answer is Digital Globe

The agency associated with IKONOS remote sensing data is DigitalGlobe.

Important Points 

•  DigitalGlobe is a U.S.-based company. It was founded in 1992 as EarthWatch Inc. (previously known as EarthWatch Inc.) and later rebranded as DigitalGlobe.
• The company has headquarters in Westminster, Colorado, United States, and provides satellite imagery and geospace data services to customers around the world.
• IKONOS was the first commercial high-resolution remote sensing satellite launched in 1999
• The satellite was capable of capturing images with a resolution of one meter and provided high-quality satellite imagery for various applications such as urban planning, environmental monitoring, and mapping.
• Much of Google Earth and Google Maps' high-resolution imagery is provided by DigitalGlobe, as is imagery used in TerraServer.
• The IKONOS satellite
  •  is a high-resolution satellite operated by MAXAR Technologies Inc.
  • Its capabilities include capturing a 3.2m multispectral,
  •  Near-Infrared (NIR) 0.80-meter panchromatic resolution at the nadir.
  • Its applications include both urban and rural mapping of natural resources and natural disasters, tax mapping, agriculture and forestry analysis, mining, engineering, construction, and change detection.

Additional Information 

There are many remote sensing agencies and satellite companies operating around the world. Some of the notable ones include:

• Airbus Defence and Space - Provider of Earth Observation and Geo-Intelligence solutions with a fleet of satellites including Pleiades, TerraSAR-X, and TanDEM-X.

• Maxar Technologies - One of the largest providers of Earth Intelligence and geospatial information with a fleet of satellites including WorldView, RADARSAT, and Globalstar.

• CNSA (China National Space Administration) - The Chinese government agency responsible for the national space program and operates the China remote sensing satellite system with satellites such as Ziyuan, Gaofen, and Yaogan.

• ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) - The Indian government agency responsible for the country's space program and operates a fleet of remote sensing satellites including Resourcesat, Cartosat, and . Oceansat

• ROSCOSMOS (Russian Federal Space Agency) - The Russian government agency responsible for the country's space program and operating remote sensing satellites such as Kanopus and Resure

The correct answer is -Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
Important Points 

• Statement I: Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a raster format.
  • This statement is true.
  • Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a type of data model that represents the surface of the Earth's terrain as a grid of elevation values.
  • It is stored in a raster data format, which is a grid of cells that represent a continuous surface.
• Statement II: All pixels are of different shapes and sizes in DEM.
  • This statement is false.
  • In a Digital Elevation Model (DEM),
  • the pixels (also known as cells) are all of the same size and shape.
  • Each cell represents a particular elevation value and they are arranged in a grid format to form a continuous surface representation of the terrain.

Key Points Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

•  A digital elevation model is a bare-earth raster grid referenced to a vertical datum.
• When you filter out non-ground points such as bridges and roads, you get a smooth digital elevation model.
• The built (power lines, buildings, and towers) and natural (trees and other types of vegetation) aren’t included in a DEM.
• it is a digital cartographic dataset that represents a continuous topographic elevation surface through a series of cells.
• Each cell represents the elevation (Z) of a feature at its location (X and Y).
• When you void vegetation and man-made features from elevation data, you generate a DEM.
• A bare-earth elevation model is particularly useful in hydrology, soils, and land use planning
• Some of the remote sensing methods for obtaining DEM surfaces are:
  • SATELLITE INTERFEROMETRY
  • PHOTOGRAMMETRY
  • LiDAR

Additional Information 

When it comes to elevation, we have three different ways to model elevation. For example, it includes:

• DEM – Digital Elevation Models
• DSM – Digital Surface Models
• DTM – Digital Terrain Models and even
• TIN – Triangular Irregular Networks

 Digital Surface Model (DSM)​

• A DSM captures the natural and built features on the Earth’s surface.
• A DSM is useful in 3D modeling for telecommunications, urban planning, and aviation.
• Urban planners use DSM to check how a proposed building would affect the viewshed of residents and businesses.

 Digital Terrain Models

• A DTM is a vector data set composed of regularly spaced points and natural features such as ridges and brake lines.
• A DTM augments a DEM by including linear features of the bare-earth terrain.
• This means that a DTM is simply an elevation surface representing the bare earth referenced to a common vertical datum.

Triangular Irregular Network (TIN)

• is a type of digital terrain model that represents the topographic surface of the Earth as a set of non-overlapping triangles.
• In a TIN, the vertices of the triangles represent sample points of the terrain, such as the elevations of peaks, valleys, and ridges, while the edges of the triangles connect these points to form a network of triangles.
• The elevation values within each triangle are calculated using linear interpolation based on the elevations of its three vertices.

The correct answer is Principal Components Analysis

Key PointsVariables:

• A variable is an attribute of an object of study in statistical research. A successful experimental design depends on the selection of the variables to be measured.
• Interdependence methods seek to give meaning to a set of variables or to group them together in meaningful ways. 
• One is about the effect of certain variables on others, while the other is all about the structure of the dataset.
• Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is a statistical technique used to analyze the interdependence or relationships between variables.
• PCA is particularly helpful when dealing with a large number of variables and aims to reduce the dimensionality of the dataset while preserving the maximum amount of variation in the data.
• PCA identifies patterns and correlations among variables by transforming the original variables into a new set of uncorrelated variables called principal components. These components are linear combinations of the original variables and are ordered in terms of their ability to explain the variance in the data. 
• Additional Information

• A location quotient measures how concentrated a sector or even a specific population group is in a region relative to the entire country.
• A potent method for locating expansion prospects and comparative geographical benefits is to use the location quotient.
• The coefficient of variability displays the degree of data variability in a sample in comparison to the population mean.
• The coefficient of variation in finance enables investors to assess how much risk, or volatility is assumed relative to the amount of return anticipated from investments.
• The data's dimensionality is decreased but the majority of the data set's variation is preserved 1.
• This reduction is achieved by locating the primary components—or directions—along which the data's variation is greatest.