Pharmaceutics MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Pharmaceutics - Download Free PDF
Last updated on Mar 23, 2025
Latest Pharmaceutics MCQ Objective Questions
Pharmaceutics Question 1:
Which non-metallic material is highly resistant to chemicals and used in pharmaceutical plant construction?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 3 : HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene)
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Pharmaceutics Question 1 Detailed Solution
Correct Answer: HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene)
Rationale:
- HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) is a non-metallic material known for its high resistance to chemicals, making it suitable for use in pharmaceutical plant construction.
- HDPE is resistant to a wide range of chemicals, including acids, bases, and various solvents, making it ideal for piping systems, storage tanks, and other components where chemical resistance is crucial.
Key Points Related to HDPE:
- Chemical Resistance:
- HDPE is highly resistant to many chemicals, which helps prevent corrosion and ensures long-term durability in environments where chemical exposure is common.
- Durability:
- HDPE has excellent impact resistance and can withstand harsh environmental conditions, making it a reliable choice for various applications in pharmaceutical plants.
- Safety and Cleanability:
- HDPE is non-toxic and safe for use in environments where cleanliness and prevention of contamination are essential.
- Its smooth surface facilitates easy cleaning and maintenance, which is critical in pharmaceutical production areas.
- Versatility:
- HDPE can be used for various purposes, including piping systems, tanks, and liners, providing flexibility in design and application.
Explanation of Other Options:
Stainless steel
- Rationale: Stainless steel is indeed highly resistant to corrosion and is widely used in pharmaceutical plant construction, but it is a metallic material, not non-metallic.
- While it provides excellent resistance to chemicals, its categorization as a metallic material makes it incorrect in this context.
Mild steel
- Rationale: Mild steel is a metallic material that is not highly resistant to chemicals. It is prone to corrosion and is generally not suitable for environments with high chemical exposure.
Brass
- Rationale: Brass is another metallic material that can corrode when exposed to certain chemicals, making it less suitable for use in environments with high chemical exposure compared to non-metallic materials like HDPE.
Conclusion:
- Among the given options, HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) is the correct answer as it is a non-metallic material highly resistant to chemicals, making it suitable for various applications in pharmaceutical plant construction.
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Pharmaceutics Question 2:
Which factor is least likely to affect material selection for pharmaceutical plant construction?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 4 : Weather patterns
Pharmaceutics Question 2 Detailed Solution
Correct Answer: Weather patterns
Rationale:
- Weather patterns are least likely to influence material selection for pharmaceutical plant construction. Pharmaceutical facilities are typically built with careful climate control and insulation to maintain strict environmental conditions inside, regardless of external weather.
Key Points Related to Material Selection for Pharmaceutical Plant Construction:
- Regulatory Approvals:
- Materials must comply with stringent regulatory standards set by authorities such as the FDA and EMA to ensure safety, quality, and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.
- Regulatory compliance influences material choice to avoid contamination and ensure cleanability and sterility in production areas.
- Cost:
- Cost is a significant factor in material selection to maintain a balance between initial investment and long-term operational expenses.
- While high-quality materials may have a higher upfront cost, they often result in lower maintenance costs and longer service life.
- Availability:
- The availability of materials can impact construction timelines and costs. Locally available materials can reduce shipping costs and ensure timely construction.
- Choosing readily accessible materials helps avoid supply chain issues that could delay the project.
- Suitability for Cleanroom Environments:
- Materials need to be non-reactive, non-shedding, and resistant to frequent cleaning and sterilization processes required in cleanroom settings.
Explanation of Other Options:
Regulatory approvals
- Rationale: Regulatory approvals are critical in ensuring that the materials used in construction meet safety and quality guidelines set by health authorities. This is essential for maintaining the integrity of pharmaceutical manufacturing processes.
Cost
- Rationale: The financial aspect is a major consideration for material selection. Balancing cost with performance and durability is necessary to achieve a cost-effective yet reliable construction.
Availability
- Rationale: The availability of materials can affect both the cost and the project timeline. Using materials that are readily available can streamline logistics and construction processes, preventing delays.
Conclusion:
- Among the given options, weather patterns are least likely to affect the selection of materials for pharmaceutical plant construction. The design of these facilities generally ensures that internal environments are tightly controlled and insulated from external weather conditions, making external weather a minor concern.
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Pharmaceutics Question 3:
Which type of corrosion occurs due to a differential aeration cell?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 2 : Pitting corrosion
Pharmaceutics Question 3 Detailed Solution
Correct Answer: Pitting corrosion
Rationale:
- Pitting corrosion is a localized form of corrosion that occurs due to the creation of a differential aeration cell, where areas with different oxygen concentrations form on the metal surface.
- These differences in oxygen levels lead to the formation of an anode (low oxygen area) and a cathode (high oxygen area). The anode undergoes accelerated corrosion, resulting in the formation of pits.
Key Points Related to Pitting Corrosion:
- Formation of Pits:
- Pitting starts at specific areas on a metal surface that have sustained damage or have impurities, where it is easier for differential aeration cells to form.
- Once a pit starts, the local environment inside the pit becomes increasingly aggressive, accelerating the corrosion process.
- Mechanism:
- The metal surface exposed to higher oxygen concentration acts as the cathode, while the metal surface with lower oxygen concentration acts as the anode.
- Electrochemical reactions occur wherein the anode (pit) deteriorates, leading to metal loss and the formation of deeper pits over time.
- Consequences:
- Pitting can lead to structural failure even if the overall metal loss is minimal, as the pits can penetrate deeply, significantly weakening the material.
- Detection and prevention of pitting corrosion are challenging due to its localized nature, often leading to unexpected failures.
- Prevention:
- Use of corrosion-resistant materials or coatings to reduce susceptibility to pitting.
- Control of environmental factors, such as removing chloride ions or decreasing oxidizing conditions, which contribute to differential aeration cells.
- Regular inspection and maintenance to detect and mitigate early signs of pitting.
Explanation of Other Options:
Uniform corrosion
- Rationale: Uniform corrosion occurs evenly across the entire surface of a material, leading to a uniform thinning. It does not involve differential aeration cells and is not localized like pitting corrosion.
Intergranular corrosion
- Rationale: Intergranular corrosion occurs along the grain boundaries of a metal, often due to impurities or segregations in the alloy. It is not specifically caused by differential aeration cells, but rather by the material's microstructural composition.
Galvanic corrosion
- Rationale: Galvanic corrosion occurs when two different metals are in electrical contact in a corrosive environment, leading to accelerated corrosion of the less noble metal. It does not involve differential aeration within a single metal surface like pitting corrosion.
Conclusion:
- Among the given options, pitting corrosion is the type that occurs due to a differential aeration cell. This results in localized, aggressive corrosion that can lead to significant damage and potential failure of metallic structures.
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Pharmaceutics Question 4:
Which centrifuge features a perforated basket for continuous solid-liquid separation?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 1 : Perforated basket centrifuge
Pharmaceutics Question 4 Detailed Solution
Correct Answer: Perforated basket centrifuge
Rationale:
- A perforated basket centrifuge is designed with a basket that contains perforations (holes) through which the liquid part of the slurry can pass while retaining the solid particles within the basket.
- This design is ideal for continuous solid-liquid separation, where the solids build up inside the basket and the liquid continuously drains out through the perforations.
Key Points Related to Perforated Basket Centrifuge:
- Design and Operation:
- The centrifuge consists of a rotating cylindrical basket with perforations along its walls.
- When the slurry is fed into the basket, centrifugal force pushes the mixture against the walls. The liquid passes through the perforations, while solid particles are trapped inside the basket.
- This allows for continuous separation, as the liquid component is expelled and the solid cake can be removed periodically.
- Mechanism:
- The centrifugal force generated by the spinning basket creates a high-pressure environment that drives the liquid through the perforations, leaving behind the solid particles.
- This process ensures efficient separation of liquid and solids and is suitable for materials with high solid content.
- Applications:
- Widely used in industries such as chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, food and beverage production, and wastewater treatment.
- Ideal for processes where large volumes of slurry need to be continuously processed.
- Advantages:
- Continuous operation maximizes efficiency and throughput.
- Effective at handling high solid content slurries, improving overall process productivity.
- Reduced downtime for maintenance and solid removal, which enhances operational efficiency.
Explanation of Other Options:
Non-perforated basket centrifuge
- Rationale: A non-perforated basket centrifuge features a solid wall basket without perforations, thus it does not allow the liquid to pass through. This design is typically used for batch processing rather than continuous solid-liquid separation.
Semi-continuous centrifuge
- Rationale: Semi-continuous centrifuges allow for partially continuous operation but require periodic interruptions to remove the accumulated solids. These do not use a perforated basket and are not designed for uninterrupted liquid drainage.
Super centrifuge
- Rationale: A super centrifuge is a high-speed centrifuge used for separating fine particles and emulsions. It does not typically incorporate a perforated basket and is used for different applications compared to a perforated basket centrifuge.
Conclusion:
- Among the given options, the perforated basket centrifuge is the one specifically designed for continuous solid-liquid separation using a perforated basket. This allows for efficient and ongoing separation, making it ideal for industrial applications requiring high throughput and continuous processing.
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Pharmaceutics Question 5:
What is the primary role of filter aids in filtration?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 2 : Improve clarity
Pharmaceutics Question 5 Detailed Solution
Correct Answer: Improve clarity
Rationale:
- Filter aids are materials added to the liquid being filtered to improve the effectiveness of the filtration process, primarily by enhancing the clarity of the filtrate.
- They work by preventing the filter medium from clogging with fine particles, thus facilitating the formation of a porous and permeable filter cake that allows the liquid to pass through more easily while retaining unwanted solid particles.
Key Points Related to Filter Aids:
- Types of Filter Aids:
- Common filter aids include diatomaceous earth, perlite, and cellulose. These materials have high porosity and low density, making them effective at trapping fine particles.
- Mechanism:
- When added to a slurry, filter aids mix with the solid particles and create a more porous cake on the filter medium. This prevents fine particles from clogging the filter pores and allows the liquid to flow more freely.
- They can also be pre-coated onto the filter medium to provide an initial filtration layer that traps fine particles from the start.
- Applications:
- Used in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food and beverage, and water treatment to ensure high-quality filtrates.
- Advantages:
- Improves the clarity and purity of the filtrate by effectively removing fine particles.
- Reduces the likelihood of filter media clogging, thereby increasing the efficiency and lifespan of the filtration system.
- Helps in achieving consistent filtration results without the need for excessive cleaning or maintenance of the filter media.
Explanation of Other Options:
Increase filtrate speed
- Rationale: While filter aids can help maintain a steady filtrate flow, their primary role is to improve clarity rather than directly increasing the filtration speed. Speed improvements are a secondary benefit.
Reduce cost
- Rationale: Filter aids are additional materials that must be purchased and added to the filtration process. While they can increase efficiency and reduce downtime, they do not inherently reduce operational costs.
Decrease filter media thickness
- Rationale: Filter aids do not decrease the thickness of the filter media. Instead, they enhance the performance of the existing filter media by preventing clogging and improving the permeability of the filter cake.
Conclusion:
- Among the given options, the primary role of filter aids is to improve the clarity of the filtrate. They achieve this by preventing clogging and ensuring a more efficient and effective filtration process, leading to a high-quality, clear filtrate.
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Top Pharmaceutics MCQ Objective Questions
The Dip tube in an aerosol container is made from one of the following. Choose correct one.
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 3 : PEG
Pharmaceutics Question 6 Detailed Solution
Download Solution PDFCorrect Answer: PEG
Rationale:
- A dip tube in an aerosol container is a crucial component that extends from the valve down to the bottom of the can. It allows the liquid product to be drawn up and expelled when the valve is activated.
- Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) is a common material used for making dip tubes due to its flexibility, durability, and resistance to a wide range of chemicals. PEG ensures that the dip tube can withstand the pressure and chemical composition of the aerosol contents without degrading.
- The use of PEG in dip tubes helps in maintaining the integrity and functionality of the aerosol system, ensuring consistent delivery of the product until the container is empty.
Explanation of Other Options:
Sorbitol
- Rationale: Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol commonly used as a sweetener and humectant in food and pharmaceutical products. It is not suitable for making dip tubes due to its lack of structural integrity and chemical resistance required for aerosol containers.
Povidone
- Rationale: Povidone, also known as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), is used as a binder in pharmaceuticals, a stabilizer in cosmetics, and an adhesive in various applications. However, it does not possess the necessary mechanical properties to function as a dip tube in aerosol containers.
HPMC
- Rationale: Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) is used as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and film former in various industries. While it has good film-forming properties, it is not suitable for use as a dip tube material due to its lack of flexibility and chemical resistance.
Conclusion:
- Among the given options, PEG (Polyethylene Glycol) is the most appropriate material for making dip tubes in aerosol containers. Its chemical resistance, flexibility, and durability make it ideal for ensuring the efficient and consistent functioning of aerosol systems.
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Transfusion bottles are made of _____
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 4 : Both 1 and 2
Pharmaceutics Question 7 Detailed Solution
Download Solution PDFCorrect Answer: Both 1 and 2
Rationale:
- Transfusion bottles are typically made of either neutral glass or borosilicate glass due to their excellent chemical resistance and durability.
- Neutral glass is chemically stable and resistant to a wide range of substances, making it suitable for medical applications such as transfusion bottles.
- Borosilicate glass is known for its high thermal resistance and low coefficient of thermal expansion, which makes it ideal for use in environments where temperature changes are frequent. It also offers excellent chemical durability.
Explanation of Other Options:
Neutral glass
- Rationale: While neutral glass is indeed used for transfusion bottles due to its chemical stability and resistance, it is not the only type of glass used. Therefore, considering only neutral glass is not completely accurate.
Borosilicate glass
- Rationale: Borosilicate glass is a preferred material for many medical applications due to its thermal resistance and durability. However, similar to neutral glass, it is not the sole material used for transfusion bottles.
Soda glass
- Rationale: Soda glass, also known as soda-lime glass, is commonly used in the production of bottles and jars for food and beverages due to its lower cost. However, it is not suitable for medical applications like transfusion bottles because it lacks the chemical resistance and durability required.
Conclusion:
- Transfusion bottles are made of both neutral glass and borosilicate glass due to their superior chemical resistance and durability, making them suitable for medical applications. Soda glass, on the other hand, does not meet the necessary standards for such use.
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Which mill is used for powdering hard crude drug?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 3 : Distintegrator
Pharmaceutics Question 8 Detailed Solution
Download Solution PDFCorrect Answer: Disintegrator
Rationale:
- A disintegrator is a type of mill that is specifically designed for the purpose of powdering hard crude drugs. It operates by using mechanical impact to break down the materials into fine particles, making it suitable for tough and resilient substances.
- The disintegrator mill works by feeding the drug into a chamber where rotating hammers or blades repeatedly impact the material, causing it to break apart into smaller and smaller pieces until the desired fineness is achieved.
Explanation of Other Options:
Edge Runner Mill
- Rationale: The edge runner mill consists of a pair of heavy wheels that rotate around a central axis and crush the material underneath. It is primarily used for mixing and grinding pastes or semi-solids rather than for powdering hard crude drugs.
Colloidal Mill
- Rationale: A colloidal mill is used to reduce the particle size of a solid suspended in a liquid, creating a colloidal suspension. It is not suitable for dry materials or for powdering hard crude drugs.
Fluid Energy Mill
- Rationale: The fluid energy mill, also known as a jet mill, uses high-speed jets of compressed air or inert gas to impact particles and cause them to collide and break apart. While effective for fine powders, it is not typically used for hard crude drugs due to the need for precise control over particle size and energy input.
Conclusion:
- Among the given options, the disintegrator is the most suitable mill for powdering hard crude drugs due to its mechanical impact mechanism, which efficiently breaks down tough materials into fine particles.
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The shells of soft gelatin capsules may be made elastic or plastic like, by the addition of.
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 1 : Sorbitol
Pharmaceutics Question 9 Detailed Solution
Download Solution PDFCorrect Answer: Sorbitol
Rationale:
- Soft gelatin capsules are a popular dosage form used to encapsulate various pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products. The capsules are made from a gelatin base that can be made elastic or plastic-like by adding certain excipients.
- Sorbitol is a polyol (sugar alcohol) that is commonly used as a plasticizer in the manufacturing of soft gelatin capsules. It helps to make the gelatin shell more flexible and elastic, improving its handling and durability.
- The addition of sorbitol helps in maintaining the integrity of the capsule, preventing it from becoming too brittle or too rigid, which can cause cracking or breaking.
Explanation of Other Options:
Povidone
- Rationale: Povidone, also known as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), is used as a binder in tablet formulations and as a solubilizing agent. It is not used as a plasticizer in the production of soft gelatin capsules.
PEG (Polyethylene Glycol)
- Rationale: PEG is used as a plasticizer in various pharmaceutical formulations, but it is more commonly used in solid dosage forms and ointments rather than in soft gelatin capsules. It does not impart the same level of elasticity as sorbitol.
HPMC (Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose)
- Rationale: HPMC is a cellulose derivative used as a film-former and thickening agent in pharmaceutical formulations. It is not typically used as a plasticizer for soft gelatin capsules but is more commonly used in controlled-release formulations and as a coating material.
Conclusion:
- Among the given options, sorbitol is the correct plasticizer used to make the shells of soft gelatin capsules elastic or plastic-like. It ensures the capsules are flexible and durable, preventing issues such as cracking or breaking.
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Pharmaceutics Question 10:
Which one of these factors does NOT affect gas solubility in liquids?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 2 : The chromaticity of the gas
Pharmaceutics Question 10 Detailed Solution
Correct Answer: The chromaticity of the gas
Rationale:
- The chromaticity of the gas, which refers to its color or optical properties, does not influence the solubility of the gas in liquids. Solubility is a chemical property related to how well a solute (in this case, a gas) can dissolve in a solvent (a liquid), rather than the color of the gas.
Explanation of Factors That Affect Gas Solubility:
Temperature variations
- Rationale: Temperature has a significant impact on the solubility of gases in liquids. Typically, the solubility of gases decreases as the temperature increases because increased kinetic energy allows gas molecules to escape from the liquid more easily.
Pressure changes
- Rationale: Pressure strongly affects gas solubility in liquids. According to Henry's Law, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. Higher pressure increases gas solubility, while lower pressure decreases it.
Nature of the solvent
- Rationale: The chemical nature of the solvent, including its polarity, hydrogen bonding ability, and overall chemical structure, affects gas solubility. For example, polar solvents tend to dissolve polar gases better, while non-polar solvents are better at dissolving non-polar gases.
Conclusion:
- In summary, out of the options provided, the chromaticity of the gas does not affect its solubility in liquids. The factors that do affect gas solubility include temperature variations, pressure changes, and the nature of the solvent.
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Pharmaceutics Question 11:
Bacteriological endotoxin test is used to determine
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 1 : Sterility
Pharmaceutics Question 11 Detailed Solution
Correct Answer: Sterility
Rationale:
- The Bacteriological Endotoxin Test (BET), also known as the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) test, is primarily used to detect endotoxins from Gram-negative bacteria in pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and other products.
- Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They can cause fever, shock, and other severe reactions if they enter the bloodstream.
- The presence of endotoxins can indicate bacterial contamination, thus compromising the sterility of the product. Therefore, the primary purpose of the BET is to ensure the sterility of products by detecting bacterial endotoxin contamination.
Explanation of Other Options:
Foreign Particulate
- Rationale: Foreign particulates refer to unwanted solid particles that may be present in a product. They are typically detected using particulate matter tests, not the Bacteriological Endotoxin Test.
Impurity
- Rationale: Impurities in pharmaceutical products can be chemical, physical, or biological contaminants. While BET can detect biological contaminants (endotoxins), it does not detect chemical impurities or physical contaminants. Other specific tests are used for detecting different types of impurities.
None
- Rationale: This option is incorrect because the Bacteriological Endotoxin Test does serve a specific purpose, which is to detect endotoxins to ensure the sterility of the product.
Conclusion:
- The Bacteriological Endotoxin Test is crucial in ensuring the sterility of pharmaceutical and medical products by detecting endotoxins from Gram-negative bacteria. It helps in preventing severe adverse reactions in patients by ensuring that the products are free from bacterial endotoxins.
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Pharmaceutics Question 12:
Partial or complete removal of top or bottom of a tablet is known as.
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 1 : Capping
Pharmaceutics Question 12 Detailed Solution
Correct Answer: Capping
Rationale:
- Capping is a common tablet defect where the partial or complete removal of the top or bottom of a tablet occurs. This issue is often caused by air entrapment during the compression process, leading to the separation of the tablet layers.
- The main causes of capping include improper formulation, inadequate granulation, inappropriate machine settings, or issues with the punch and die tooling. The problem can be mitigated by adjusting the formulation, improving granulation techniques, or optimizing the tablet press settings.
Explanation of Other Options:
Picking
- Rationale: Picking refers to the adhesion of tablet material to the punch faces, particularly the upper punch. This can result in an uneven tablet surface and loss of material. It is usually caused by excessive moisture, poor lubrication, or inappropriate punch design.
Sticking
- Rationale: Sticking occurs when the tablet formulation adheres to the die wall, leading to difficulties in tablet ejection and potential damage to the tablets. This issue is often due to inadequate lubrication, high humidity, or improper formulation.
Mottling
- Rationale: Mottling is the appearance of an uneven color distribution on the surface of the tablet. It is usually caused by the improper mixing of colorants, degradation of colorants, or differences in the solubility of ingredients in the formulation.
Conclusion:
- Capping is a specific defect related to the structural integrity of the tablet, leading to the separation of its top or bottom layer. Addressing this issue requires a thorough examination of the formulation, granulation process, and compression settings to ensure the production of high-quality tablets.
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Pharmaceutics Question 13:
The wruster process can be used to
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 1 : Coat tablet
Pharmaceutics Question 13 Detailed Solution
Correct Answer: Coat tablet
Rationale:
- The Wurster process, also known as the air-suspension coating process, is primarily used for coating tablets and pellets. This method involves suspending the tablets in a vertical column of air where they are sprayed with a coating solution.
- The process allows for uniform application of the coating material, which can serve various purposes such as controlled release, taste masking, and protection of the drug substance.
- The coated tablets are then dried as they continue to be suspended in the air, ensuring that the coating is evenly distributed and adhered properly.
Explanation of Other Options:
Determine the disintegration time
- Rationale: The determination of disintegration time is a different process and involves using a disintegration tester. This device measures the time it takes for a tablet to break down into smaller fragments in a specified liquid medium, not the Wurster process.
Gas sterilize parenteral products
- Rationale: Gas sterilization, often using ethylene oxide or other gases, is a method used to sterilize medical devices and pharmaceutical products. It is not related to the Wurster process, which is focused on coating tablets and pellets.
Automatic filling of capsules
- Rationale: Automatic filling of capsules involves machinery specifically designed for filling empty capsules with powdered or liquid medication. This is a separate process from the Wurster process, which deals with coating tablets and pellets.
Conclusion:
- The Wurster process is specifically designed for coating tablets and pellets. It ensures uniform application and adherence of the coating material, which can serve various pharmaceutical purposes. Other options listed involve entirely different processes unrelated to the Wurster process.
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Pharmaceutics Question 14:
What is the main principle behind cyclone separator?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 2 : Centrifugal force
Pharmaceutics Question 14 Detailed Solution
Correct Answer: Centrifugal force
Rationale:
- A cyclone separator operates on the principle of centrifugal force. It is designed to separate particles from an air, gas, or liquid stream based on their density, size, and shape.
Key Points Related to Cyclone Separator:
- Design and Operation:
- A cyclone separator consists of a cylindrical or conical vessel with a tangential inlet and a central outlet at the top.
- The tangential inlet creates a spiral or vortex motion of the fluid inside the vessel.
- Heavier particles are forced outward to the wall of the vessel due to the centrifugal force generated by the vortex motion.
- These particles then lose their momentum and fall to the bottom of the cyclone, where they are collected and removed.
- Mechanism:
- Centrifugal Force: As the fluid stream enters the cyclone separator tangentially, it creates a high-speed rotational motion. The centrifugal force pushes the heavier particles outward to the walls of the separator.
- Gravitational Force: Once the particles reach the wall, the gravitational force causes them to slide down to the hopper at the bottom.
- Separated clean air or gas exits through the central outlet at the top.
- Applications:
- Cyclone separators are used in various industries like manufacturing, chemical processing, and pollution control to remove particulates from air, gas or liquid streams.
- Commonly used in dust collection systems, oil refineries, and for treating flue gases in power plants.
- Advantages:
- Efficiently separates particles without requiring filters or screens.
- Low maintenance and operational costs due to the simplicity of the design.
Explanation of Other Options:
Gravitational force
- While gravitational force is partly involved in the downward movement of particles once they reach the walls, it is not the primary force responsible for the separation process within a cyclone separator.
Magnetic force
- Magnetic force is not involved in the operation of a cyclone separator, which relies purely on physical, not electromagnetic, principles.
Electrostatic force
- Electrostatic force is irrelevant to the functioning of cyclone separators. Electrostatic precipitators, another type of air purifying device, use electrostatic force for particle separation.
Conclusion:
- Among the given options, centrifugal force is the correct answer as it is the main principle behind the operation of a cyclone separator. This force enables the effective separation of particles from the fluid stream.
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Pharmaceutics Question 15:
Which type of manometer is primarily used to measure low pressures?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 2 : Inclined manometer
Pharmaceutics Question 15 Detailed Solution
Correct Answer: Inclined manometer
Rationale:
- An inclined manometer is specifically designed to measure low pressures with high precision. The inclination allows for a greater length of the liquid column for the same pressure change, enhancing sensitivity and accuracy.
- Due to the inclined tube, a small change in pressure results in a significant movement of the liquid, making it easier to read small pressure differences accurately.
Explanation of Other Options:
U-tube manometer
- Rationale: A U-tube manometer is a versatile instrument used to measure medium and high pressures. It consists of a U-shaped tube partially filled with a liquid (usually mercury or water). While it can measure pressures with reasonable accuracy, it is not as sensitive as an inclined manometer for low-pressure measurements.
Differential manometer
- Rationale: A differential manometer is used to measure the difference in pressure between two points. It is commonly used in fluid mechanics to compare pressures in different parts of a system, but it is not specifically designed to measure low pressures with high sensitivity like an inclined manometer.
Simple manometer
- Rationale: A simple manometer consists of a single tube and measures gauge pressure. It can be used for various types of pressure measurements, but similar to the U-tube manometer, it does not offer the enhanced sensitivity required for precise low-pressure measurements.
Conclusion:
- Among the given options, the inclined manometer stands out as the best instrument for measuring low pressures. The design of the inclined tube increases the displacement of the liquid for a given pressure change, making it ideal for accurate and sensitive low-pressure measurements.
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