PERT and CPM MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for PERT and CPM - Download Free PDF

Last updated on Jun 11, 2025

Latest PERT and CPM MCQ Objective Questions

PERT and CPM Question 1:

PERT is

  1. Event oriented technique
  2. Work oriented technique
  3. Activity oriented technique
  4. Time oriented technique

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : Event oriented technique

PERT and CPM Question 1 Detailed Solution

Explanation:

PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique)

  • PERT is a project management tool used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks within a project. It is an event-oriented technique designed to analyze and represent the tasks involved in completing a project. By focusing on events or milestones, PERT helps in planning and managing complex projects with numerous interdependent activities.
  • PERT charts are created by identifying all the activities required to complete a project and the sequence in which they need to be executed. Each activity is represented as an arrow, and the events or milestones are represented as nodes. The technique estimates the shortest, longest, and most likely time required to complete each task, allowing for better planning and control over project timelines.

Applications: PERT is widely used in industries such as construction, software development, engineering, and research and development, where complex projects require detailed planning and coordination.

PERT and CPM Question 2:

A dummy activity

  1. does not consume time
  2. is represented by dotted lines
  3. is artificially introduced
  4. all of the above

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : all of the above

PERT and CPM Question 2 Detailed Solution

Explanation:

Dummy Activity

  • A dummy activity is an artificial activity introduced in project management and network analysis to maintain the logical sequence and dependencies of activities. It does not represent any actual task or consume any resources or time. Dummy activities are typically represented by dotted lines in network diagrams.

Purpose and Importance:

  • Maintaining logical relationships: Dummy activities are introduced to maintain the logical dependencies between tasks where no actual activity exists.
  • Clarifying network paths: They help clarify the sequencing and flow of activities in a network diagram, ensuring accurate representation of the project plan.
  • Preventing ambiguity: Dummy activities eliminate ambiguity in situations where two or more activities depend on the completion of a common predecessor but are not directly related to each other.

Representation:

  • Dummy activities are represented by dotted lines in network diagrams.
  • The dotted lines show that the activity is artificial and does not represent any real work or resource consumption.

Characteristics:

  • Does not consume time: Dummy activities do not have any duration or consume any time in the project schedule.
  • Does not consume resources: Since dummy activities are artificial, they do not require resources for completion.
  • Introduced artificially: Dummy activities are created artificially to establish logical relationships and dependencies in the project network diagram.

PERT and CPM Question 3:

In the CPM technique, the critical path slack is:

  1. zero
  2. negative
  3. either negative or zero
  4. positive

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : zero

PERT and CPM Question 3 Detailed Solution

Explanation:

Critical Path Method (CPM):

  • The Critical Path Method (CPM) is a project management technique used to determine the sequence of activities that directly affect the project completion time. It identifies the longest path of dependent activities in the project schedule, known as the critical path. The duration of this path determines the shortest possible project completion time.

Critical Path and Slack:

  • The critical path in a project is defined as the sequence of tasks where any delay in one task would directly result in a delay in the overall project completion. The slack (or float) is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without affecting the project’s completion date. For activities on the critical path, the slack is zero because there is no flexibility to delay these activities without impacting the entire project.

Why Slack on the Critical Path is Zero:

  • The critical path represents the longest duration path in the project network. If any activity on this path is delayed, the entire project completion time will also be delayed.
  • Slack is calculated as the difference between the latest allowable finish time (LF) and the earliest finish time (EF) of an activity:
    Slack = LF - EF
  • For activities on the critical path, the LF equals EF because they determine the project’s end date. Therefore, their slack is zero.

PERT and CPM Question 4:

Identify the critical path from the given diagram.

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  1. 1-2-3-7
  2. 1-2-4-5-6-7
  3. 1-2-4-5-6
  4. 1-2-4-7

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : 1-2-4-5-6-7

PERT and CPM Question 4 Detailed Solution

Explanation:

Critical Path Method (CPM):

Definition: The Critical Path Method (CPM) is a project management technique used to analyze and schedule tasks within a project. It identifies the longest sequence of dependent tasks (known as the critical path) that determines the shortest possible project duration. Any delay in the tasks on the critical path will directly impact the overall project completion time.

How to Identify the Critical Path:

  • List all the tasks required to complete the project.
  • Define dependencies between tasks (i.e., which tasks must be completed before others can start).
  • Determine the duration of each task.
  • Calculate the earliest start (ES) and finish (EF) times for each task by performing a forward pass through the network diagram.
  • Calculate the latest start (LS) and finish (LF) times for each task by performing a backward pass through the network diagram.
  • Identify the tasks with zero slack (i.e., tasks where ES = LS and EF = LF). These tasks form the critical path.

To identify the critical path, we analyze the given network diagram and follow these steps:

  • Step 1: List all paths in the network diagram and calculate the total duration for each path.
  • Step 2: Identify the path with the longest duration. This is the critical path because it governs the minimum time required to complete the project.

Based on the given data:

  • Path 1: 1-2-3-7
    • Total duration = Sum of durations of tasks along this path.
  • Path 2: 1-2-4-5-6-7
    • Total duration = Sum of durations of tasks along this path.
  • Path 3: 1-2-4-5-6
    • Total duration = Sum of durations of tasks along this path.
  • Path 4: 1-2-4-7
    • Total duration = Sum of durations of tasks along this path.

From the calculations, Path 2 (1-2-4-5-6-7) has the longest duration. Therefore, it is the critical path.

PERT and CPM Question 5:

The expected time of a PERT activity is given by: [where to = Optimistic time, tm = Most likely time, tp = Pessimistic time]

  1. \(\frac{t_1 + 4t_2 + t_3}{6}\)
  2. \(\frac{4t_1 + t_2 + t_3}{6}\)
  3. \(\frac{t_1 + 4t_2 + t_3}{4}\)
  4. \(\frac{t_1 + 4t_3 + t_2}{6}\)

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : \(\frac{t_1 + 4t_2 + t_3}{6}\)

PERT and CPM Question 5 Detailed Solution

Concept:

The PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) technique is used, when activity time estimates are stochastic in nature. For each activity, three values of time (optimistic, most likely, pessimistic) are estimated.

  • Optimistic time (to) estimate is the shortest possible time required for the completion of the activity
  • Most likely time (tm) estimate is the time required for the completion of activity under normal circumstances
  • Pessimistic time (tp) estimate is the longest possible time required for the completion of the activity


In PERT expected time of an activity is determined by using the below-given formula:

\({t_e} = \frac{{\left( {{t_o} + 4{t_m} + {t_p}} \right)}}{6}\)

Additional Information

Variance, σ2 = \({\left[ {\frac{{{t_P} - {t_0}}}{6}} \right]^2}\)

Top PERT and CPM MCQ Objective Questions

A PERT network has 9 activities on its critical path. The standard deviation of each activity on the critical path is 3. The standard deviation of the critical path is

  1. 3
  2. 9
  3. 81
  4. 27

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : 9

PERT and CPM Question 6 Detailed Solution

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Concept:

In CPM:

The standard deviation of critical path:

σcp \(\sqrt {Sum\;of\;variance\;along\;critical\;path} \)

σcp\(\sqrt {σ _1^2 + σ _2^2 + \ldots + σ _8^2 + σ _9^2} \)

Where, σ1, σ2, ...., σ8, σ9 are the standard deviation of each activity on the critical path   

Calculation:

Given:

σ1, σ2, ...., σ8, σ9 = 3

σcp = \(\sqrt {σ _1^2 + σ _2^2 + \ldots + σ _8^2 + σ _9^2} \)

σcp\(\sqrt {3^2 + 3^2 + 3^2 + 3^2 + 3^2 + 3^2 + 3^2 + 3^2 + 3^2} \)

σcp\(\sqrt {9 \times 9} \) = 9

∴ the standard deviation of the critical path is 9.

Consider the following statements in respect of PERT and CPM:

1. PERT is event-oriented while CPM is activity-oriented.

2. PERT is probabilistic while CPM is deterministic.

3. Levelling and smoothing are the techniques related to resource scheduling in CPM.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. 1, 2 and 3
  2. 1 and 2 only
  3. 2 and 3 only
  4. 1 and 3 only

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : 1, 2 and 3

PERT and CPM Question 7 Detailed Solution

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Explanation:

A project may be defined as a combination of interrelated activities which must be executed in a certain order before the entire task can be completed.

The aim of planning is to develop a sequence of activities of the project so that the project completion time and cost are properly balanced.

To meet the objective of systematic planning, the management has evolved several techniques applying network strategy.

PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review Technique) and CPM (Critical Path Method) are network techniques which have been widely used for planning, scheduling and controlling the large and complex projects.

  • PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) approach takes account of the uncertainties. In this approach, 3-time values are associated which each activity. So it is probabilistic.

  • CPM (Critical Path Method) involves the critical path which is the largest path in the network from starting to ending event and defines the minimum time required to complete the project. So it is deterministic.

Difference between PERT and CPM (Critical Path Method)

PERT

CPM

1. Probabilistic approach

1. Deterministic approach

2. Three-time estimate

2. One - time estimate

3. Event oriented network model

3. Activity-oriented network model

4. The slack concept is used

4. Float concept is used

5. Project crashing is not possible

5. Project crashing is possible

6. Deals with probabilistic time estimates

6. Deals with deterministic time estimates

Pessimistic time and optimistic time of completion of an activity are given as 10 days and 4 days respectively, the variance of the activity will be 

  1. 1
  2. 6
  3. 12
  4. 18

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : 1

PERT and CPM Question 8 Detailed Solution

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Concept:

Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is probabilistic in nature and is based upon three-time estimates to complete an activity.

Optimistic Time (to): It is the minimum time that will be taken to complete an activity if everything goes according to the plan.

Pessimistic Time (tp): It is the maximum time that will be taken to complete an activity when everything goes against the plan.

Most likely time (tm): It is the time required to complete a project when an activity is executed under normal conditions.

Average or most expected time is given by \({t_E} = \left( {\frac{{{t_p}\; + \;4{t_m}\; + {t_o}}}{6}} \right)\)

The variance gives the measure of uncertainty of activity completion. The variance of the activity is given by 

Variance, \(V = {\left( {\frac{{{t_p} - {t_0}}}{6}} \right)^2}\)

Standard duration, \(\sigma = \sqrt {variance} \)

Calculation:

Given:

tp = 10 days, to = 4 days

\({\rm{V}} = {\left( {\frac{{{{\rm{t}}_{\rm{p}}} - {{\rm{t}}_{\rm{o}}}}}{6}} \right)^2} = {\left( {\frac{{10 - 4}}{6}} \right)^2} = 1\)

The variance of the activity is 1.

The amount of time by which an activity can be delayed without affecting project completion time is

  1. Free float
  2. Total float 
  3. Independent float
  4. Activity float

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : Total float 

PERT and CPM Question 9 Detailed Solution

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Explanation

Slack or Event Float

  • Slack corresponds to the event in PERT.
  • Float corresponds to activity in CPM.

Slack

  • It is defined as the amount of time by which an event can be delayed without delaying the project schedule.
  • Slack of an event = Latest Start Time – Earliest Start Time OR Latest Finish Time – Earliest Finish Time

There are three types of floats.

Total Float (TF)

  • It is the amount of time by which an activity can be delayed without delaying the project duration.
  • Extra time available for an activity without delaying the project schedule.
  • If the value of TF is,
    • Positive – Recourses are surplus and can be allocated for other activities.
    • Zero – Resources are just sufficient to complete the activity on time.
    • Negative – Resources are not sufficient and activity may not complete 
  • Total Float = Latest start time – Earliest start time

Free Float (FF)

·         Part of the Total Float, which can be used without affecting the float of succeeding activity.

·         Extra time by which an activity can be delayed so that the succeeding activity can be started on earliest start time.

  • Free float = Total Float – Head event slack

Independent Float

(IF)

  • It is amount of free float time which can be used without affecting either the head or the tail event.
  • Independent float = free Float – Tail event slack

Which of the following statements is not correct about PERT ?

  1. Network is constructed based on the events.
  2. It does not take uncertainties involved in the estimation of times.
  3. Network deals with uncertainties and hence three time estimations are considered.
  4. As there is no certainty of time, activity duration cannot be reduced.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : It does not take uncertainties involved in the estimation of times.

PERT and CPM Question 10 Detailed Solution

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Explanation:

PERT stands for "Program Evaluation and Review Technique". This network model is used for project scheduling.

Difference between PERT and CPM (Critical Path Method)

PERT

CPM

1. Probabilistic approach

1. Deterministic approach

2. Three-time estimate

2. One-time estimate

3. Event oriented network model

3. Activity-oriented network model

4. The slack concept is used

4. Float concept is used

5. Project crashing is not possible

5. Project crashing is possible

6. Deals with probabilistic time estimates.

6. Deals with deterministic time estimates.

 

PERT does take uncertainties involved in the estimation of times, therefore three-time estimates have been taken for the calculation project duration. They are optimistic (to), pessimistic (tp), and most likely (tm).

\(T_e=\frac{t_o\;+\;4t_m\;+\;t_p}{6}\)

Therefore, the option 2 is the incorrect statement among the given options.

Which among the following uses probabilistic time estimates for project management?

  1. CPM
  2. Gantt chart
  3. PERT
  4. OC curve

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : PERT

PERT and CPM Question 11 Detailed Solution

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Explanation:

PERT stands for Program Evaluation and Review Technique and was developed to address the needs of projects for which the time and cost estimates tend to be quite uncertain.

It has a probabilistic approach and hence suitable for the projects which are to be conducted for the first time or projects related to research and development.

PERT uses 3 cases:

  • Optimistic time  estimates the shortest possible time required for the completion of the activity.
  • Most likely time  estimates the time required for the completion of activity under normal circumstances.
  • Pessimistic time  estimates the longest possible time required for the completion of the activity.

In PERT chart, the activity time distribution is

  1. Normal
  2. Binomial
  3. Poisson
  4. Beta

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : Beta

PERT and CPM Question 12 Detailed Solution

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Explanation:

CPM does not directly model uncertainty.

PERT was developed to address the needs of projects which are being done for the first time – a challenge to estimate activity duration.

PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) uses 3 cases:

  • Most Optimistic
  • Most Pessimistic
  • Most likely durations

 

PERT determines the probability for each duration, whereas CPM considers the most likely duration.

In the standard PERT analysis, the distribution assumed for the activity times is a Beta distribution.

F1 S.S. N.J 19.07.19 D 8

F1 S.S. N.J 19.07.19 D 9

The optimistic, most likely and pessimistic time of an activity are 6, 9 and 12 days respectively. The standard deviation and variance of the activity are ________ respectively. 

  1. 1 and 2
  2. 1 and 1
  3. 2 and 1
  4. 2 and 2

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : 1 and 1

PERT and CPM Question 13 Detailed Solution

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Concept:

Optimistic time (to), Pessimistic time (tp), Most likely time (tm):

Expected time: \({t_E} = \frac{{{t_o} + 4{t_m} + {t_p}}}{6}\)

Standard deviation: \(\sigma = \frac{{{t_p} - {t_o}}}{6}\)

For a PERT network,\(\;{\sigma ^2} = {\left( {\frac{{{t_p} - {t_o}}}{6}} \right)^2}\)

The variance is given by:

\(V = {\sigma ^2} = {\left( {\frac{{{t_p} - {t_o}}}{6}} \right)^2}\)

Calculation:

Given:

to = 6, tm = 9, tp = 12

Standard deviation: \(\sigma = \frac{{{t_p} - {t_o}}}{6}\)

\(\sigma = \frac{{{12} - {6}}}{6}=1\)

\(V = {\left( {\frac{{{t_p} - {t_o}}}{6}} \right)^2} = {\left( {\frac{{12 - 6}}{6}} \right)^2} = 1\)
 

The path which moves along the activities having total float zero, in the network diagram is called

  1. Free Float
  2. Critical Path
  3. Total Float
  4. Independent Float

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : Critical Path

PERT and CPM Question 14 Detailed Solution

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Explanation :

A critical path is a sequence of interdependent activities or tasks that must be finished before the project can be finished. It is the longest path (i.e. path with the longest duration) from project start to finish.

The path which moves along the activities having total float zero.

A. Critical Path Method
1. The critical path method (CPM) is a project modelling technique that's used by project managers to find important deadlines and deliver a project on time.

2. In a project, the critical path is the longest distance between the start and the finish, including all the tasks and their duration.

3. Once a critical path is determined, you'll have a clear picture of the project's actual schedule.

4. To find this, project managers use the CPM algorithm to find the least amount of time necessary to complete each task with the least amount of slack.
5. Once done by hand, nowadays, the critical path is calculated automatically by the project scheduling software. That makes the whole method a lot easier.

B. Critical Path Analysis
1. As mentioned, the purpose of a critical path is to find the least amount of time you'll need to complete a task.

2. Critical path analysis furthers your ability to make better estimates for scheduling because you're mapping out every important task that must be done for a successful project.

C. Critical Path Example

F2 Pratiksha 27.11.20 Pallavi D5

What is the total float of an activity for which

Earliest Start time ES = 5

Earliest Finish time EF = 15

Latest Start time LS = 35

Latest Finish time LF = 45

  1. 10
  2. 20
  3. 30
  4. 40

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : 30

PERT and CPM Question 15 Detailed Solution

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Explanation:

Total float: 

Total Float/Slack = Latest Finish time (LF) - Earliest Start time (ES) - (Earliest Finish time EF - Earliest Start time ES  )or Total Float/Slack = Latest Finish time (LF) - Earliest Finish time (EF) OR = Latest start time (LS) - Earliest start time (ES)

If we use the  formula with the given values, we get:

Total Float = LS - ES = 45 - 15 = 30 OR  45 - 15 = 30

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