Metadata Standards MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Metadata Standards - Download Free PDF

The Correct answer is the METAe project group.

Key Points

• The Analyzed Layout and Text Object (ALTO) is an open XML Schema formulated by the METAe project, which received funding from the European Union.
• ALTO is frequently employed in conjunction with the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) for comprehensively detailing digitized objects and establishing connections across ALTO files, such as providing a description of reading sequences.
• Since 2010, the Library of Congress has been the host of this standard, and it is managed by the Editorial Board established at the same time.
• From the initial version of the ALTO standard in June 2004 (version 1.0), CCS Content Conversion Specialists GmbH, Hamburg, oversaw ALTO up to version 1.4.

Additional Information

• RLG:
  • The Research Libraries Group (RLG) was a library consortium headquartered in the United States, operational from 1974 until its amalgamation with the OCLC library consortium in 2006.
  • Under RLG, the SHARES program was instituted as an Interlibrary Lending and Document Supply Program, aimed at facilitating resource sharing among RLG members.
  • RLG was responsible for the development of several notable resources, including the Eureka interlibrary search engine, the RedLightGreen database containing bibliographic descriptions, and ArchiveGrid, a database comprising descriptive information about archival collections.

The Correct answer is the University of Waikato.

Key Points

• Weka is a versatile data mining tool featuring visualization tools, algorithms for data analysis and predictive modeling, and intuitive graphical user interfaces.
• Initially developed in 1993 by the University of Waikato in New Zealand, Weka started as a mix of Tcl/Tk, C, and makefiles, primarily aimed at analyzing data from agricultural domains.
• In 1997, Weka underwent a significant transformation, transitioning to a fully Java-based version (Weka 3) with newly implemented modeling algorithms.
• This modern iteration of Weka quickly gained popularity across various application areas, especially in educational and research settings.
• Weka offers several advantages, including free availability under the GNU General Public License, portability across different computing platforms due to its Java implementation, and a comprehensive suite of data preprocessing and modeling techniques.
• Its user-friendly interfaces further enhance its ease of use.
• Supporting standard data mining tasks such as preprocessing, clustering, classification, regression, visualization, and feature selection, Weka operates on data formatted in the Attribute-Relational File Format (.arff).
• While it primarily handles flat-file data, Weka can also access SQL databases through Java Database Connectivity.
• Although Weka does not support multi-relational data mining out of the box, separate software exists for converting linked database tables into a suitable format. Additionally, Weka lacks algorithms for sequence modeling, a gap in its functionality.
• Throughout its history, Weka has garnered recognition, including the SIGKDD Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Service Award in 2005.
• In 2006, Pentaho Corporation acquired an exclusive license for Weka's use in business intelligence, integrating it into the Pentaho business intelligence suite.
• Following Pentaho's acquisition by Hitachi Vantara, Weka now forms the foundation for the PMI (Plugin for Machine Intelligence) open-source component.

The Correct answer is A, C, and D.

Key Points

• Data Mining is the practice of extracting meaningful patterns from large datasets to inform business decisions.
• Data mining is performed by data scientists and analysts using tools from machine learning, AI, and statistics to sort, clean, and model data drawn from sources like data lakes, warehouses, or IoT feeds.

Core Process:

• Data Gathering: Identify and collect relevant raw data from structured databases or unstructured sources.
• Data Preparation: Clean, profile, and preprocess to correct errors and ensure consistency.
• Mining & Modeling: Choose algorithms (e.g., clustering, classification) and train models on sample data before applying them at scale.
• Analysis & Communication: Interpret model outputs, build predictive or descriptive analytics, and present findings—often via visualizations—to guide strategic decisions.

​

The Correct answer is ​All of these.

Key Points

• Data mining is the process of searching and analyzing a large batch of raw data in order to identify patterns and extract useful information. 

Data Mining Techniques:

• Association Rules (Market Basket Analysis): Finds items that frequently co-occur—e.g., which products customers often buy together—to inform promotions and inventory.
• Classification: Assigns data to predefined categories (e.g., tagging email as “spam” or “not spam”) for organized analysis.
• Clustering: Groups similar records without pre-set labels (e.g., segmenting customers into “hair care” vs. “dental health” buyers).
• Decision Trees: Uses a series of branching questions to classify or predict outcomes (e.g., diagnosing equipment issues based on symptoms).
• K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN): Classifies a data point by comparing it to its closest neighbors in feature space (e.g., predicting a patient’s risk by matching symptoms to past cases).
• Neural Networks: Models complex patterns through interconnected layers of weighted “neurons” (e.g., handwriting or image recognition).
• Predictive Analysis: Builds statistical or machine-learning models on historical data to forecast future values (e.g., sales projections).

The Correct answer is Data Lake.

Key Points

• A data lake is a centralized, scalable repository that holds vast amounts of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data in its native format.
• It ingests data from any source—on-premises, cloud, or edge—at any speed and without size limits.
• Data lakes support real-time or batch processing and let users analyze information using SQL, Python, R, or third-party analytics tools.

Key Capabilities:

• Power Data Science & ML
  • Transform raw data into analytics-ready tables with low latency.
  • Retain raw inputs indefinitely for future experiments.
• Centralize & Catalogue
  • Break down data silos—batch streams, databases, logs—in one searchable repository.
• Integrate Any Source
  • Ingest batch or streaming data, binary files, geospatial feeds, etc., keeping all sources up to date.
• Democratize Access
  • Support diverse users and tools—from SQL analysts to Python data scientists—with unified access.

Additional Information

• Big data:
  • ​Big data describes massive, rapidly growing information collections characterized by three key attributes—volume (scale), velocity (ingest speed), and variety (different data types).
  • It serves as the raw material for data mining.
• Data Mining:
  • The process of exploring large datasets to discover patterns, correlations, and anomalies, often with statistical or machine-learning techniques.
• Predictive Analytics:
  • Using historical and real-time data, statistical algorithms, and machine-learning models to predict future outcomes.

The correct answer is "15 Elements".

Additional Information

• Dublin Core is an initiative to create a Digital Library Card Catalogue for the web.
• Dublin Core Metadata is a set of 15 core elements.
• The 15 elements of Dublin Core Metadata are- 
  • Contributor
  • Coverage
  • Creator 
  • Date
  • Description
  • Format
  • Identifier
  • Language
  • Publisher
  • Relation
  • Rights
  • Source 
  • Subject 
  • Title 
  • Type

The Correct answer is A and C only.

Key Points

• An invitational metadata workshop organized in Dublin in 1995 and treated as the birthplace of contemporary metadata, was a collaborative effort by OCLC and the National Center for Supercomputer Applications (NCSA). 
• Its primary aim was to address the challenge of providing metadata for a wide range of network-accessible materials.
• In this context, "metadata" refers to data about data, serving as a form of bibliographic description.
• Initially, the goal was to identify a limited data element set that could be universally applied to identify network-accessible resources.
• However, due to the diverse needs of stakeholders, the focus shifted to creating a simple data element set that information providers, such as authors or publishers, could use to describe their own resources easily. 
• The Dublin Core metadata element set emerged from this effort, consisting of thirteen optional and repeatable elements grouped into three categories:
  • access points,
  • information for identification, and
  • information to relate objects to others.
• It was designed to be syntax-independent, allowing it to be mapped to various encoding formats, such as MARC or SGML.

The Correct answer is A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II.

Key Points

• Dublin Core:
  • Dublin Core is a metadata standard used for describing electronic resources such as web pages, images, videos, and other online documents.
  • It provides a set of simple and standardized elements for invariably describing resources, making them more easily accessible and understandable to both humans and machines.
  • The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) is responsible for maintaining and promoting this standard.
  • Dublin Core is an initiative to create a Digital Library Card Catalogue for the web.
  • Dublin Core Metadata is a set of 15 core elements.
  • The Qualified Dublin Core, which was replaced by the DCMI Metadata Terms in 2008, aimed to enhance the original 15 Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (DCMES) terms through an ongoing process of expansion and refinement.
• OAI - PMH:​
  • The Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) is a protocol developed to harvest metadata descriptions of records in an archive, enabling the creation of services using metadata from various archives.
  • OAI-PMH, commonly referred to as the OAI Protocol, uses XML over HTTP and requires support for representing metadata in Dublin Core format, with the option to support additional representations.
  • In the late 1990s, Herbert Van de Sompel convened a meeting with researchers and librarians to address interoperability challenges faced by e-print servers and digital repositories.
  • This meeting led to the development of the "Santa Fe Convention," defining an interface for structured metadata exposure.
  • Subsequent workshops highlighted shared challenges across various sectors, leading to the establishment of the Open Archives Initiative (OAI).
  • OAI-PMH version 1.0 was introduced in 2001, with subsequent versions refining the protocol.
• METS:
  • ​It stands for "Metadata Encoding & Transmission Standard".
  • METS scheme is a standard for encoding descriptive, administrative, and structural metadata regarding objects within a digital library.
  • It is maintained by METS board in collaboration with Network Development and MARC standard office of the Library of Congress.
• DOI:
  • A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique identifier standardized by ISO for various objects.
  • It's a part of the Handle System and fits within the URI system.
  • A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique alphanumeric string assigned to digital documents, primarily used to provide a persistent link to an online resource.
  • DOIs are extensively used to identify academic, professional, and government information, including journal articles, research reports, data sets, and official publications.
  • They've also been applied to identify other resources like commercial videos.
  • A DOI is a Handle System handle with two parts, a prefix, and a suffix, separated by a slash.

The Correct answer is 2 and 4.

Key Points

• In Dublin Core Metadata, elements related to intellectual property are those that address ownership, authorship, and usage rights.

Dublin Core:

• Dublin Core is a metadata standard used for describing electronic resources such as web pages, images, videos, and other online documents.
• It provides a set of simple and standardized elements for invariably describing resources, making them more easily accessible and understandable to both humans and machines.
• The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) is responsible for maintaining and promoting this standard.
• Dublin Core is an initiative to create a Digital Library Card Catalogue for the web.
• Dublin Core Metadata is a set of 15 core elements.
• The 15 elements of Dublin Core Metadata are- 
  • Contributor
  • Coverage
  • Creator 
  • Date
  • Description
  • Format
  • Identifier
  • Language
  • Publisher
  • Relation
  • Rights
  • Source 
  • Subject 
  • Title 
  • Type

Additional Information

• The Qualified Dublin Core:
  • The Qualified Dublin Core, which was replaced by the DCMI Metadata Terms in 2008, aimed to enhance the original 15 Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (DCMES) terms through an ongoing process of expansion and refinement.
  • By incorporating Audience, Provenance, and Rights Holder, the Qualified Dublin Core provided more specific metadata details, supplementing the original Dublin Core terms with information about encoding schemes, enumerated lists of values, or other hints for processing.
  • These additional terms were formulated within working groups by the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) and evaluated by the DCMI Usage Board to ensure their alignment with sound practices for qualifying Dublin Core metadata elements.

The Correct answer is ​PREMIS.

Key Points

• GSDL:
  • The Greenstone Digital Library (GSDL) software is developed by the University of Waikato.
  • Greenstone is issued under the terms of the GNU General Public License. It originated in 1996.
  • Greenstone has two separate interactive interfaces, the Reader interface and the Librarian interface.
  • Metadata formats:
    • ​Users define metadata interactively within the Librarian interface.
    • Unlike DSpace Greenstone allows several sets of metadata, including locally produced ones to be merged.
    • The metadata sets are predefined:
      • ​Dublin Core (qualified and unqualified)
      • RFC 1807
      • NZGLS (New Zealand Government Locator Service)
      • AGLS (Australian Government Locator Service)​

Additional Information

• Dublin Core:
  • Dublin Core is a metadata standard used for describing electronic resources such as web pages, images, videos, and other online documents.
• RFC 1807:
  • ​RFC outlines a structure for bibliographic records that provide descriptions of technical reports.
  • The format specified in this RFC is utilized by the Cornell University Dienst protocol and the Stanford University SIFT system.
  • Originally authored by D. Cohen at ISI in July 1992.
• ​NZGLS:
  • ​The NZGLS Metadata Standard plays a crucial role in the e-government initiative, providing a standardized method for cataloging government information and services through a set of common terms known as 'metadata elements.'
  • Functioning similarly to a library catalog, the NZGLS, when combined with Internet search engines that utilize its metadata, significantly enhances the discoverability of government information and services.
• PREMIS:
  • ​PREMIS (PREservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies) stands as the predominant digital preservation metadata standard.
  • In the context of digital preservation, metadata plays a vital role in defining the information necessary to ensure the long-term usability of digital objects, securing their accessibility in the future.

The Correct answer is Relationship data.

Key Points

• Administrative metadata:
  • ​Administrative metadata serves as valuable information for resource management, encompassing details related to governance, access controls, and security.
  • This category of metadata involves technical aspects such as copyright information, rights management, and license agreements.
  • It incorporates data on the creation process, quality control measures, access control, user requirements, and preservation actions.
  • Administrative metadata primarily deals with information related to the management and administration of resources, such as governance, access controls, security, copyright information, rights management, license agreements, creation and quality control of works, access control, user requirements, preserving action information, project-specific procedures, contract agreements, payment information, and preservation and technical knowledge.

Additional Information

• Metadata:
  • Metadata encompasses information about data, including its various properties, history, origin, versions, and other details.
  • This information is organized into highly structured fields and is primarily used for purposes such as tracking, classification, and analysis.
• other Types of Metadata :
  • Preservation metadata
  • Technical metadata
  • Descriptive Metadata
  • Structural Metadata
  • Reference Metadata
  • Statistical Metadata

The correct answer is "Fifteen".

Key Points

• The Dublin Core -
  • "The Dublin Core", also known as the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, is a set of fifteen "core" elements (properties) for describing resources.
  • The 15 Dublin Core elements are -

Additional Information

• Metadata -
  • Metadata is the term used for the data that provides information about other data, in short, it can be referred to as "data about data".
  • It was traditionally used in the card catalogs of libraries until the 1980s when libraries converted their catalog data to digital databases.

The Correct answer is A ‐ IV, B ‐ I, C ‐ III, D ‐ II.

Key Points 

• Administrative Metadata:
  • ​This type of metadata is instrumental in resource management. 
  • It encompasses information such as resource classification, permissions, and the timeline and methods of its creation.
  • This type of metadata includes technical data about copyright, rights management, and licensing agreements. 
  • Selection criteria for digitization" falls under administrative metadata because it pertains to the decision-making process regarding which materials should be digitized and made available.
• Preservation metadata:
  • ​Preservation metadata pertains to the management of collections and resources to ensure their long-term preservation.
  • It includes documentation of processes for safeguarding both physical and digital assets and encompasses essential details for the ongoing protection of digital materials.
  • Documentation of the physical condition of responses" is relevant to preservation metadata because it involves recording the physical state of materials before digitization, which is important for preservation purposes.
• Technical metadata:
  • ​Technical metadata encompasses details that characterize the technical attributes of data, including its structure, storage methods, format, and processes for data manipulation.
  • This information is crucial for the efficient management, comprehension, and optimal utilization of data resources within an organization.
  • Tracking of system response time" is a technical aspect related to how systems respond to user interactions, making it an example of technical metadata.
•  Use Metadata:
  • ​Use metadata relates to how digital resources are used by users and includes data on user interactions.
  • Search Log" is a specific example of using metadata because it records information about how users search for and access digital resources, providing insights into user behavior and preferences.

Additional Information

• Descriptive Metadata 
  • It is essential for understanding the intellectual content of a digital object.
  • Its primary purpose is to provide information about a digital resource, aiding in its discovery and accessibility.
  • The key element of descriptive metadata is a unique resource identifier that distinguishes the object from others..
  • Descriptive metadata serves various functions, including facilitating resource discovery.
• Structural Metadata:
  • ​This category of metadata pertains to the organization of data containers, revealing how composite objects are constructed.
  • For instance, it elucidates the sequencing of pages to form chapters in a document.
  • It encompasses details about the types, versions, relationships, and other attributes of digital materials.
• Reference Metadata:
  • ​Reference metadata offers insights into the content and quality of statistical data, providing valuable context for users.
• Statistical Metadata:
  • ​Also known as process data, statistical metadata may encompass descriptions of the processes involved in gathering, processing, or generating statistical data.

The Correct answer is A, B, and D only.

Key Points

• Descriptive metadata is essential for understanding the intellectual content of a digital object.
• Its primary purpose is to provide information about a digital resource, aiding in its discovery and accessibility.
• The key element of descriptive metadata is a unique resource identifier that distinguishes the object from others..
• Descriptive metadata serves various functions, including facilitating resource discovery, 
• Examples Include:
  • Finding aids are documents or tools that provide detailed information about the contents of an archival collection, library, or repository.
    • They describe the materials within the collection, including titles, dates, authors, and other relevant details.
    • These aids serve as descriptive metadata because they help users locate and understand the items within the collection.
  • Specialized indexes, such as subject indexes or keyword indexes, are also forms of descriptive metadata.
    • They provide information about the content of documents, books, or other materials.
    • By indexing terms, topics, or keywords found within the content, these indexes help users identify and retrieve specific information from the materials.
  • Curatorial information refers to data or descriptions provided by curators, librarians, or archivists about items within a collection.
    • This information typically includes details about the item's origin, historical context, significance, and any relevant metadata like titles, authors, or dates.

Additional Information

• Structural Metadata:
  • ​This category of metadata pertains to the organization of data containers, revealing how composite objects are constructed.
  • For instance, it elucidates the sequencing of pages to form chapters in a document.
  • It encompasses details about the types, versions, relationships, and other attributes of digital materials.
• Administrative Metadata:
  • ​This type of metadata is instrumental in resource management. 
  • It encompasses information such as resource classification, permissions, and the timeline and methods of its creation.
• Reference Metadata:
  • ​Reference metadata offers insights into the content and quality of statistical data, providing valuable context for users.
• Statistical Metadata:
  • ​Also known as process data, statistical metadata may encompass descriptions of the processes involved in gathering, processing, or generating statistical data.

The Correct answer is Fifteen elements.

Key Points

• Dublin Core:
  • Dublin Core is a metadata standard used for describing electronic resources such as web pages, images, videos, and other online documents.
  • It provides a set of simple and standardized elements for invariably describing resources, making them more easily accessible and understandable to both humans and machines.
  • The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) is responsible for maintaining and promoting this standard.
  • Dublin Core is an initiative to create a Digital Library Card Catalogue for the web.
  • Dublin Core Metadata is a set of 15 core elements.
  • The 15 elements of Dublin Core Metadata are- 
    • Contributor
    • Coverage
    • Creator 
    • Date
    • Description
    • Format
    • Identifier
    • Language
    • Publisher
    • Relation
    • Rights
    • Source 
    • Subject 
    • Title 
    • Type

Additional Information

• The Qualified Dublin Core:
  • The Qualified Dublin Core, which was replaced by the DCMI Metadata Terms in 2008, aimed to enhance the original 15 Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (DCMES) terms through an ongoing process of expansion and refinement.
  • By incorporating Audience, Provenance, and Rights Holder, the Qualified Dublin Core provided more specific metadata details, supplementing the original Dublin Core terms with information about encoding schemes, enumerated lists of values, or other hints for processing.
  • These additional terms were formulated within working groups by the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) and evaluated by the DCMI Usage Board to ensure their alignment with sound practices for qualifying Dublin Core metadata elements.