Communication models and approaches MCQ Quiz in বাংলা - Objective Question with Answer for Communication models and approaches - বিনামূল্যে ডাউনলোড করুন [PDF]

The correct answer is The speaker's persuasive techniques.

Key Points

Aristotle’s Model of Communication is one of the earliest and most influential models in the study of rhetoric and persuasion. It is primarily concerned with the speaker's ability to persuade the audience. The model focuses on how the speaker uses various rhetorical techniques to influence the audience's thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Key Elements of Aristotle's Model:
Speaker (Sender):

• In this model, the speaker is the central figure. The speaker’s primary role is to persuade the audience using persuasive techniques such as ethos (credibility), pathos (emotional appeal), and logos (logical reasoning).
• The success of communication depends largely on the speaker’s ability to use these techniques effectively to influence the audience.

Speech (Message):

• The speech or message is crafted to persuade or inform the audience.
• The content and structure of the message are essential, and they are shaped by the speaker’s goals, purpose, and rhetorical strategies.

Audience (Receiver):

• The audience is the receiver of the message.
• In Aristotle's model, the audience’s reactions and acceptance are determined by the persuasive power of the speaker and their use of rhetorical appeals (ethos, pathos, and logos).

Context (Setting):

• The context refers to the situation in which communication occurs.
• The speaker adapts their message to the context, ensuring that the message is delivered in a way that resonates with the audience based on the situation or occasion.

Primary Focus:

• The primary focus of Aristotle's Model is on the speaker's ability to persuade the audience.
• The speaker’s use of persuasive techniques is crucial in achieving the desired effect. The model emphasizes the importance of:
• Ethos (credibility of the speaker),
• Pathos (emotional appeal to the audience),
• Logos (logical argumentation).

The correct answer is Barnlund's Transactional Model.

Key Points Barnlund's Transactional Model of communication, developed by Dean Barnlund in 1970, views communication as a continuous, interactive, and dynamic process, where the roles of sender and receiver are interchangeable. Unlike linear models, where communication is a one-way flow, Barnlund’s model emphasizes that communication is simultaneous and occurs in both directions.

Key Features of Barnlund's Transactional Model:

• Continuous Process: Communication is seen as a fluid, ongoing process rather than a series of discrete steps. There is no distinct beginning or end to the communication; it happens continuously in both directions.
• Interactivity: Communication is interactive, meaning both parties are actively involved in the process at the same time. Both the sender and receiver encode and decode messages simultaneously, responding and reacting in real-time.
• Interchangeable Roles: In this model, the roles of sender and receiver are not fixed. Both participants take turns sending and receiving messages. For example, while one person is speaking, the other is listening, but they can quickly switch roles as the conversation progresses.
• Feedback Loop: Feedback is instantaneous and is continuously provided from the receiver back to the sender. This feedback is integral to the communication process and allows both participants to adjust their messages as needed.

The correct answer is To control, modify, or block the message before it reaches the receiver.

Key Points

In the Intermediary Model of Communication, a gatekeeper plays a crucial role in controlling the flow of information between the sender and the receiver. The gatekeeper is typically an individual, group, or institution that has the power to filter, modify, or block messages before they reach the intended audience.

Role of the Gatekeeper:

• Control the Message: The gatekeeper decides which messages are passed along, determining what information is deemed appropriate for the receiver. They can either approve or deny the message's transmission.
• Modify the Message:The gatekeeper may alter the message to fit specific standards, norms, or expectations before it reaches the receiver. This could involve editing, simplifying, or changing the message content.
• Block the Message:The gatekeeper can completely block certain messages from being transmitted to the receiver, either because they are considered irrelevant, inappropriate, or undesirable for the audience.

Examples:

• Media: In journalism, editors act as gatekeepers by deciding which news stories are published or broadcast, potentially modifying or censoring content before it reaches the public.
• Social Networks: Platforms like Facebook or Twitter have algorithms (acting as gatekeepers) that decide which posts or content are shown to users based on specific criteria, such as engagement or relevance.

In the Intermediary Model, the gatekeeper serves as a filter or control mechanism, influencing what information reaches the receiver by either modifying, controlling, or blocking the message.

The correct answer is Continuous feedback loop.

Key Points

Barnlund’s Communication Model, developed by Dean Barnlund in 1970, is often considered a more interactive and dynamic model of communication compared to traditional linear models. One of the most important aspects that Barnlund's model emphasizes is the continuous feedback loop, which highlights the reciprocal nature of communication.

Key Features of Barnlund’s Model:
Communication as a Two-Way Process:

• Unlike linear models, where communication is seen as a one-way process (from sender to receiver), Barnlund’s model views communication as a two-way exchange. Both the sender and receiver are simultaneously involved in the communication process.
• This means that communication is not just about sending a message and receiving a response. Instead, it involves constant interaction where both parties send and receive messages at the same time.

Continuous Feedback Loop:

• A key characteristic of Barnlund’s model is the continuous feedback loop. In this model, feedback is not just a one-time event, but an ongoing and dynamic exchange.
• Feedback is any response from the receiver to the sender, and this feedback can be verbal, non-verbal, or even emotional. The receiver's feedback to the sender allows for continuous adjustment and clarification, making communication a cyclical process rather than a one-way exchange.
• The feedback loop helps both the sender and receiver to adjust their messages in real-time based on the responses and reactions of the other party, ensuring a more effective and accurate exchange of information.

Simultaneous Encoding and Decoding:

• In Barnlund's model, both the sender and receiver are simultaneously encoding and decoding messages. This indicates that communication is a collaborative and interactive process, with both participants continuously interpreting and responding to the messages.
• For example, as a speaker communicates, the listener may not only interpret the message but might also be formulating a response while listening, which is then encoded and sent back to the speaker.

The correct answer is The effect the message has on the receiver.

Key Points 

The Lasswell model of communication, developed by Harold D. Lasswell in 1948, is one of the most widely referenced linear models of communication. It is often noted for its simplicity and clarity in breaking down communication into essential components. The model is typically expressed through the formula:

"Who says what in which channel to whom with what effect?"

This formula highlights several key elements of communication:

• Who: The communicator or sender.
• Says what: The content of the message.
• In which channel: The medium used to convey the message.
• To whom: The receiver or audience of the message.
• With what effect: The outcome or impact that the message has on the receiver.

Key Focus on "With What Effect":

• The primary focus of the Lasswell model is on the effect the message has on the receiver, which is represented by the final component, "with what effect."
• Lasswell believed that communication could be measured by looking at the impact it has on the receiver, such as changes in attitudes, behaviors, or beliefs resulting from the message.
• This model emphasizes persuasion and influence, where the message aims to affect or alter the receiver’s thoughts or actions.
• For example, in political communication, a politician's speech may seek to persuade or change the opinions of the audience, or an advertisement might aim to influence consumer behavior. In both cases, the effect of the message is of paramount importance.

Why the Effect Matters:

• The effect on the receiver is significant because it represents the outcome of the communication process. The model is concerned with understanding how communication shapes or influences the audience after the message has been delivered.
• This focus also highlights the importance of feedback and the need to assess whether the message achieved its intended purpose, which might involve changing attitudes, behaviors, or emotions in the receiver.
   

The correct answer is It focuses on the message and its encoding/decoding process.

Key Points

Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication was developed by David Berlo in 1960, and it highlights the role of message encoding and decoding in the communication process. The model focuses specifically on four components:

• S (Source): The person or entity who originates the message.
• M (Message): The content or information that is communicated.
• C (Channel): The medium through which the message is transmitted (e.g., speech, writing, visual, etc.).
• R (Receiver): The person or group receiving the message.

The model focuses primarily on the process of encoding (where the source creates or forms the message) and decoding (where the receiver interprets and understands the message).

Why Option 1 is correct:

• Encoding and decoding are central to Berlo's model because the process of how the message is formulated by the source and then understood by the receiver is crucial for communication.
• Encoding is when the source converts their ideas into a message that can be transmitted, and decoding is the process through which the receiver interprets the message.
• This process helps in understanding how effective communication happens, and how miscommunication might occur if the encoding or decoding steps are flawed.

 Additional Information 

 It emphasizes the sender and receiver as the only key elements.

This is incorrect because Berlo's model does not focus solely on the sender and receiver. It also incorporates the message and channel as key elements, emphasizing the importance of these in effective communication.
 It presents communication as a continuous, interactive process with feedback.

This is incorrect because Berlo's model is primarily linear, not interactive. While feedback is important in communication, Berlo’s model does not explicitly emphasize continuous feedback loops like other models (e.g., Schramm’s or the Transactional Model).
It ignores the role of the receiver in interpreting the message.

This is incorrect because the receiver plays a crucial role in Berlo's model. The receiver's ability to decode the message is fundamental to the communication process. The receiver's understanding (based on their experiences, knowledge, and context) directly influences how the message is received and interpreted.

The correct answer is  1, 2, 3, 4.

Key Points

• The message is encoded by the source :

In Berlo's model, the source (the sender) encodes the message. This means the sender takes their thoughts, ideas, or information and puts it into a form that can be communicated, such as spoken words, written text, or gestures.

• The message is transmitted through the channel:

Once the message is encoded, it is transmitted through a channel (the medium used to communicate the message). The channel could be oral, written, or visual (e.g., speaking, writing, or a video).

• The receiver decodes the message:

The receiver receives the message and decodes it, meaning they interpret or understand the message based on their knowledge, experience, and context.

• The receiver becomes the source for feedback:

After decoding the message, the receiver may provide feedback to the source (sender), thus completing the communication loop. The receiver, having decoded the message, can now become the new source for the feedback message that will be sent back to the original sender.

Why This Sequence?

• The sequence starts with the source encoding a message, which is then transmitted to the receiver through a channel.
• The receiver decodes the message and responds with feedback, making them the new source of the next message.
• This process follows a linear pattern, but feedback makes it a dynamic and continuous interaction in communication.

The correct answer is  A is true, but R is false.

Key Points

Assertion (A):The Shannon and Weaver model of communication defines "noise" as any unwanted interference that affects the communication process.This statement is True.

• In the Shannon and Weaver model, "noise" is defined as any unwanted interference that can affect the communication process.
• Noise can distort the message during transmission, leading to potential misinterpretations by the receiver. It can include physical noise (such as background sounds), psychological noise (like distractions), or semantic noise (misunderstandings of the meaning of words).

Reason (R):Noise is the only factor that disturbs the semantic or technical accuracy of communication, making it the primary challenge in the transmission of messages.
This statement is False.

• The statement is incorrect because noise is not the only factor that can disturb communication. While noise is a significant factor in the disruption of communication, it is not the primary or only challenge.
• Communication can be affected by various other factors, such as the encoding and decoding process, miscommunication, and the context in which the message is delivered. There are other aspects of communication, like cultural differences, language barriers, or inadequate channels, that can also interfere with the message.

Assertion (A) is true because it correctly defines noise as any interference in the communication process.
Reason (R) is false because it incorrectly suggests that noise is the only factor that disturbs communication, ignoring other potential challenges.
Thus, the correct answer is: (A) is true, but (R) is false.

The correct answer is A model that presents communication as a linear, one-way process without feedback.

Key Points 

Key Features of Shannon and Weaver's Model:

• Linear Process:

The model presents communication as a straight-line flow. It starts with the sender encoding a message, which is transmitted through a channel to the receiver. The receiver then decodes the message. This represents communication as a one-way process, where the message moves from sender to receiver.

• No Feedback:

Unlike more interactive models, Shannon and Weaver's model does not explicitly account for feedback from the receiver back to the sender. In other words, once the message is decoded by the receiver, there is no immediate way for the sender to adjust or respond to the receiver’s interpretation in this model.

• Noise:

The model also includes the concept of noise, which represents any interference or distortion that might affect the message during transmission. Noise can be physical (like background noise), semantic (misunderstanding of the message), or psychological (mental distractions).

The correct answer is It presents communication as a continuous, two-way process.

Key Points

• Sender and Receiver: The model starts with a sender who encodes a message and sends it through a channel to the receiver, who then decodes the message.
• Linear Flow:The model is linear, meaning communication happens in a straight line, from sender to receiver, without a feedback loop. The sender encodes and sends the message, and the receiver decodes it. There is no direct back-and-forth or continuous interaction in the original model.
• The sender is the originator of the message, and the receiver is the person or group who receives and interprets the message.
• Message:The message is the content that is being communicated. It could be spoken words, written text, images, or other types of information.
• Channel:The channel is the medium through which the message is transmitted. It could be a spoken conversation, email, phone call, radio, television, etc.
• Noise:Noise is any interference or disturbance that can disrupt or distort the message as it is being transmitted. Noise could be physical (like background sound), psychological (like distractions in the mind of the receiver), or semantic (like misinterpretation of the message).

Additional Information

• Shannon and Weaver’s model is linear in nature, meaning that communication is viewed as a one-way process from the sender to the receiver. The sender transmits a message, and the receiver simply receives and interprets it.
• Feedback, which is a key component of two-way communication (a sender receiving responses or reactions from the receiver), is not part of the original Shannon and Weaver model. This model does not emphasize the continuous exchange of messages.

For example:

If a person sends a message (such as speaking), the listener in Shannon and Weaver's model simply receives and decodes the message. There is no explicit return of communication in the form of feedback, which would be needed to make it a two-way process.
In contrast, more interactive models of communication (like Berlo's SMCR model) include feedback loops, allowing for two-way communication, which makes communication more dynamic and continuous.