Consider the following statements on The Convention on Biological Diversity :

1. It is the key international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity 

2. It is primarily implemented through national level action 

3. National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) are the principal instruments for implementing the Convention at the national level 

4. It requires countries to prepare a national biodiversity strategy and to mainstream this strategy into the planning of the sectors whose activities can have an impact (positive and negative) on biodiversity 

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

Key Points 

• The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is the primary international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
• It was adopted at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 and came into force in 1993.
• The CBD has three main objectives:
• Conservation of biological diversity
• Sustainable use of biodiversity components
• Fair and equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources
• It is implemented at the national level, with each country responsible for developing strategies to protect biodiversity.
• National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) serve as the primary implementation tool for the convention.
• Each country is required to develop a national biodiversity strategy and integrate it into broader development and sectoral policies such as agriculture, forestry, and industry.
• Important Points
• India & the CBD:
• India signed and ratified the CBD in 1994.
• The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 was enacted in compliance with CBD commitments.
• The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) was established in 2003 to regulate biodiversity conservation and benefit-sharing.
• India has formulated the National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP) aligned with CBD guidelines.
• Major Protocols Under the CBD:
• Cartagena Protocol (2000) – Regulates genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and ensures biosafety.
• Nagoya Protocol (2010) – Ensures fair and equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources.
• Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022) –
• Aims to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030.
• Includes targets such as 30x30 (protecting 30% of land and oceans by 2030).
• Additional Information
• Biological Diversity Act, 2002:
• Established the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) to regulate biodiversity conservation.
• Prevents unauthorized access to genetic resources and traditional knowledge.
• India's Major Biodiversity Conservation Initiatives:
• Project Tiger (1973) – Tiger conservation.
• Project Elephant (1992) – Elephant conservation.
• National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries – Over 100 national parks and 565 wildlife sanctuaries.
• Biodiversity Hotspots in India:
• Himalayas
• Indo-Burma
• Sundaland (Western Ghats and Andaman & Nicobar Islands)
• Sundarbans (Mangrove forests)
• Challenges in Implementing CBD:
• Biodiversity loss due to deforestation and urbanization.
• Climate change impacts on ecosystems.
• Lack of coordination between countries on genetic resources.
• Illegal wildlife trade and bio-piracy.
• Human-wildlife conflicts due to expanding agriculture and infrastructure.