Choose the correct relation between gradient and camber?

Explanation:

• Gradient refers to the longitudinal slope along the road, expressed as a percentage (or ratio), representing the rise or fall per unit length of the road.

• Camber is the cross slope provided to the road surface, so that water drains off the pavement quickly. It is also expressed as a percentage or ratio.

• The relation between gradient and camber is Gradient = Camber \(\times 2\)

Additional InformationRuling Gradient

• This is the maximum gradient which is commonly adopted in the design of road alignment under normal conditions.

• It provides an economical balance between construction cost and operational efficiency of vehicles.

• It depends on terrain — in plain areas, ruling gradient is flatter, in hilly terrain, it can be steeper.

Limiting Gradient

• This is steeper than the ruling gradient.

• Used when topography, construction cost, or other constraints make it impossible to follow ruling gradient.

Exceptional Gradient

• The steepest allowable gradient, used only in very short lengths (say 100 m or less).

• Used when terrain is extremely difficult and no other option is feasible.

• Not recommended for general use because it causes driver fatigue and affects vehicle operation.