Rajput Policy Of Akbar: Features, Phases, Reasons, Impacts & UPSC Notes

What is the Rajput Policy of Akbar? 

Akbar was a great pragmatist. He was the first Muslim ruler to realize that without the help of the Rajputs, no permanent empire could be set up in India. Accordingly, he took measures to secure their cooperation. He treated them as very trustworthy friends and not mere vassals. He abandoned the old policy of repression and persecution of the Rajputs.

Akbar's Rajput policy was based on diplomacy and force, which are the two potent weapons of statecraft. But he relied more on diplomacy.

Akbar was the first Mughal emperor to pursue a planned policy toward the Rajputs. Various factors contributed to the formation of his Rajput policy. Akbar was an imperialist. He desired to bring under his rule as much territory of India as possible. Therefore, it was necessary to get the Rajput rulers under his suzerainty. Akbar was impressed by the chivalry, faithfulness, darkness, fighting skill, etc., of the Rajputs. He preferred to befriend them instead of turning them into his enemies. He wanted dependable allies from among the Indian people instead of depending on foreigners.

The revolt of the Afghans and his relatives, the Mirzas, during the early period of his rule further convinced him of this necessity. The Rajputs, therefore, became his good choice. The liberal religious policy of Akbar also directed him to be friendly with them. Akbar tried to befriend the Rajputs but, at the same time, desired to bring them under his suzerainty.

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The relations between the Mughal Empire and the Rajput empire were complex. At times, they were allies, and at other times, they were adversaries. There were marriages between the two, leading to cooperation and battles.

• The initial interactions were largely confrontational. Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire, fought several battles against the Rajputs, especially the Rana of Mewar. However, his son Humayun allied with some Rajput kingdoms against Sher Shah Suri.
• Akbar, the grandson of Babur, followed a policy of alliance and integration with the Rajputs. He made alliances through marriage and gave high positions to Rajput warriors at his court. This brought most Rajput kingdoms into the Mughal Empire.
• The Rajputs maintained their status and identity even while becoming part of the Mughal Empire. They fought in Mughal armies and held essential offices in Mughal rule.
• However, there were also instances of conflict. The Rana of Mewar refused to ally with the Mughals. Akbar had to lay siege many times to the Chittor Fort but could not conquer it during his lifetime.
• A major clash happened over the conversion to Islam. Akbar wanted some Rajput clans who had intermarried with the Mughals to convert. This led to a confrontation with some Rajput chiefs, including the rulers of Marwar and Dhundhar.
• Jahangir and Shah Jahan continued the alliance and integration policy with the Rajputs. They gave high titles and positions to Rajputs in their courts. Marriages with Rajput rulers also continued during this period.
• The relations started deteriorating under Aurangzeb's rule. He followed a more orthodox Islamic policy and withdrew some privileges given to the Rajputs. This led to resentment and confrontation with Rajputs.
• There were some Rajput uprisings against Aurangzeb, especially in Mewar and Marwar. However, the Mughals were able to suppress most of these uprisings militarily.
• In the end, though there were periods of cooperation and integration, the underlying tensions between the Rajputs and the Mughals remained. The Rajputs largely accepted Mughal authority for political reasons but continued to maintain their separate Rajput identity.

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The Mughal emperor Akbar had many conflicts with the Rajput kingdoms in northern India. The Rajputs were proud warriors who ruled many areas that Akbar wanted to expand his EmpireEmpire into. This led to several wars between Akbar and different Rajput kingdoms.

• When Akbar came to the throne, he wanted to expand the Mughal Empire. The Rajput kingdoms controlled a large part of northern India, including areas like Rajasthan and Haryana. So, Akbar first had to defeat the Rajputs to gain control of these areas.
• One of Akbar's first conflicts was with Rana Sanga of Mewar in 1567. Rana Sanga led a big coalition of many Rajput kingdoms against Akbar. They fought a big battle where Akbar's army narrowly defeated the Rajputs. However, Mewar remained independent and refused to join the Mughal empire.
• After this, Akbar decided to win over the Rajputs through conciliatory methods instead of just warfare. The Rajput policy of Akbar was based on forming marital alliances with Rajput kings. If a Rajput princess married Akbar's son or grandson, it meant the Rajput kingdom had joined the Mughal Empire peacefully.
• The first Rajput kingdom Akbar allied with was Bikaner in 1585. Akbar's son Daniyal married the daughter of Raja Rai Singh of Bikaner. Bikaner then became part of the Mughal Empire.
• Amar Singh, the king of Jaipur, also gave his daughter to Akbar's son, Salim(later known as Emperor Jahangir). This helped Jaipur join the Mughal Empire.
• In 1587, Akbar also married Jodha Bai, the daughter of Raja Bharmal of Amber. This further improved relations between the Mughals and the Rajputs of Rajasthan. Many more Rajput kingdoms started forming marital alliances with Akbar.
• However, Mewar continued to remain independent and never joined the Mughal empire through marriage. The queen of Mewar even stopped her ladies-in-waiting from marrying Mughal princes.
• Akbar invaded Mewar multiple times to force them to submit but faced stiff resistance from Rana Pratap and his generals. The Mughals defeated the Rajputs in many battles but could not conquer the fort of Chittor, which Rana Pratap held on to.
• Eventually, Akbar gave up his attempts to conquer Mewar and made peace with Rana Pratap. While most other Rajput kingdoms joined the Mughals, Mewar remained independent throughout Akbar's reign.
• Though Akbar and the Rajputs faced many clashes initially, Akbar's conciliatory policy of forming marital alliances helped absorb most Rajput kingdoms into the Mughal Empire. Rajputs then started serving in Akbar's army and administration and played an important role during his reign.
• While kingdoms like Bikaner, Jaipur, and Amber joined the Mughals peacefully, the indomitable spirit of Rana Pratap and Mewar ensured that at least one Rajput state remained independent and undefeated. The conflict between Akbar and the Rajputs showcases both the martial abilities of the Rajputs and Akbar's diplomatic skill in governance.
• In conclusion, though Akbar and the Rajputs had many conflicts in the beginning, Akbar's policy of conciliation and intermarriage helped bring most Rajput kingdoms into the Mughal fold except Mewar, which remained proudly independent. The Rajput-Mughal relationship showcases both the strengths and weaknesses of the two groups during that period in Indian history.
• Akbar adopted a policy of diplomacy and alliance towards the Rajputs, offering matrimonial ties, political autonomy, and high ranks in his administration, fostering loyalty and strengthening the Mughal Empire.

Policy of Marriage Alliances

A key part of Akbar's Rajput policy was marriage alliances. Akbar married Rajput princesses to establish strong ties. One famous example was Akbar's marriage to Jodha Bai, daughter of Raja Bharmal of Amber. These alliances brought mutual respect. It also ensured Rajput's loyalty to the Mughal Empire.

Granting High Positions

Another feature of Akbar's Rajput policy was offering prestigious positions. Akbar gave high ranks to Rajputs in his administration. Many Rajputs became governors and commanders. Raja Man Singh of Amber held significant military roles. This policy integrated Rajputs deeply into Mughal governance.

Religious Tolerance

Akbar practiced religious tolerance. His approach respected Rajput traditions and beliefs. Rajputs were free to worship their deities. Akbar never forced Rajputs to convert to Islam. This tolerance was crucial for the success of Akbar's Rajput policy.

Policy of Diplomacy and Friendship

Diplomacy defined Akbar's relations with the Rajputs. Instead of confrontation, Akbar preferred peace treaties. He offered respect and equal status to Rajput rulers. Diplomacy reduced conflict and created stable borders. The success of Akbar's Rajput policy was greatly due to diplomatic efforts.

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Features Of The Rajput Policy Of Akbar

Rajput policy of Akbar included diplomacy, marital ties, and military tactics. This strategy sought to secure the allegiance of Rajput kings and create a stable and multicultural empire. Akbar pursued a liberal Rajput policy during his reign. He followed some significant features in handling the Rajputs. The key features of the rajput policy of Akbar are as follows:

• The first feature of Akbar's Rajput policy was intermarriage alliances or political marriages. Akbar married many Rajput princesses to strengthen ties with the Rajput states. He married Princess Heer Kunwari from Bikaner, Princess Bhagirathi from Jodhpur, and Princess Jagat Gosaini from Amer. These political marriages helped create friendly relations with the Rajputs.
• The second feature of Akbar's Rajput policy was the granting of high mansabs or ranks to Rajput chiefs. Akbar granted high mansabs and ranked many Rajput chieftains to make them part of his imperial service. Rajputs like Raja Bhagwan Das, Raja Man Singh, and Raja Todar Mal were given important ranks and positions in the Mughal court.
• Third, Akbar followed a religious tolerance policy with the Rajputs. Rajputs followed Hinduism, while Akbar was a Muslim. But Akbar did not interfere in the spiritual affairs of the Rajputs. This policy of religious harmony helped improve Akbar's relations with Rajputs.
• Fourth, Akbar adopted a policy of non-interference in the internal affairs of the Rajput states. 
• Fifth, Akbar gifted jagirs or land grants to Rajput rulers as a gesture of goodwill. Many Rajput chieftains were given jagirs and mansabs during Akbar's reign. This boosted Akbar's image as a benevolent emperor among the Rajputs.

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Rajput Policy of Akbar - Phases

The Rajput policy of Akbar was developed in three phases. The first phase included securing a political alliance with Rajput rulers. The second phase included consolidating those relationships with Rajput rulers. The third phase marks the departure of Akbar from Muslim Orthodoxy. Also, Rajputs became partners with the Mughal administration. These policies became very crucial in the expansion and stability of the Mughal Empire.

• First Phase: During the first phase, till 1569-70, Akbar followed a policy similar to that of the Delhi Sultans, focusing on military conquests and marital alliances. His first alliance was with Raja Bharmal of Amber.
• Second Phase: From 1570 onwards, Akbar strengthened his alliance with Rajputs by incorporating them into the Mughal administration and the army. Rajputs became the sword arm of the Mughal army. The Rajputs became crucial allies during this phase. For example, Akbar appointed Raja Man Singh to lead the Mughal army against Rana Pratap in 1576.

• Third Phase: During this phase, after 1580, Akbar's policy towards the Rajputs became more inclusive and tolerant, showcasing a break with the orthodox ulema. Bhagwant Singh and Man Singh were promoted to high positions. This phase marks the deeper integration of Rajputs in Mughal rule. Towards the end of his reign, Akbar promoted a syncretic faith, Din-i-Ilahi, which aimed to blend the best elements of different religions.

The Rajput policy of Akbar - Reasons

• Political Stability: Akbar did not want to have battles with Rajputs because it had been troublesome for previous Mughal rulers and weakened them.
• Expansion of Mughal Empire: The Rajputs controlled strategically essential areas like Mewar, which was necessary for Akbar to take under his control to consolidate and expand his EmpireEmpire.
• Loyal Partners: Akbar had to face conspiracies from people in his court, so he considered the Rajputs as good friends who would ensure his reign's stability.
• National Ambition: Akbar wanted to become a national Emperor, and for that, the cooperation of Hindus as well as Muslims was necessary for political strength.

Impact of Rajput Policy of Akbar

The Rajput policy of Akbar had a profound impact on the Mughal Empire, fostering political stability, strengthening alliances, and integrating Rajput rulers into the administration, thereby consolidating Mughal control across India.

Strengthening the Mughal Empire

The Rajput policy of Akbar significantly expanded Mughal territory. Rajput support boosted Mughal military strength. Akbar's EmpireEmpire became stable and prosperous. Rajput alliances reduced rebellions and internal threats. This policy solidified Mughal dominance in North India.

Cultural Integration

Cultural integration flourished under Akbar's Rajput policy. Rajput traditions blended with Mughal culture. Architecture, art, and literature showed mixed influences. Rajput princes in Akbar's court promoted this cultural exchange. This enhanced unity within the diverse Mughal Empire.

Military Benefits

Rajputs were renowned warriors. Their inclusion strengthened Mughal armies significantly. Akbar used Rajput generals for critical military campaigns. Rajput commanders like Raja Man Singh led victorious battles. Their bravery was pivotal in expanding Mughal territories.

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