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Home / IAS Preparation / Dark Net

Dark Net - Meaning, Uses, Exploitation, Challenges & Dark Web vs. Surface Web vs. Deep Web

Last Updated on Jan 19, 2024
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 dark net is a hidden part of the Internet. It requires special software or authorization to access it. It uses a unique communication protocol. There are two main types of darknets. One type is social networks that allow file sharing with peer-to-peer connections. The other type is anonymity proxy networks like Tor, which use a series of connections to keep users anonymous. Dark Net is a part of the internet ecosystem, which consists of a series of encrypted networks which are not accessible through commonly used search engines such as Google, Yahoo, etc. It is generally available only to specific users and requires specialized software, tools, and authorization. Dark Web is the world wide web content available on the darknet.

Dark Net is an important topic for UPSC IAS Examination. It falls under the Science and Technology section of the General Studies Paper 3 syllabus for the UPSC Mains examination.

In this article on the Dark Net, we will study what is dark net is, its various uses, and challenges with a specific focus on darknet in India.

Also, check out this article on the Internet of Things (IoT) for the UPSC Exam!

What is Dark Net?

The term ‘Dark Net’ dates back its origin to the 1970s when the predecessor of the internet – ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network), hosted a network of computers that were programmed to receive data from ARPANET but not respond to any normal pings on the network.

History of Dark Net Net

  • The first usage of the dark net for an online transaction was recorded between students at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford University for a marijuana trade. Since then, the usage of the dark net for a range of legal and illegal activities has risen rapidly.
  • Dark networks on encryption of data, which provides privacy to the user’s identity. Specialized software like Tor (The Onion Router) or I2P (The Invisible Internet Project) are used to access this part of the internet.
  •  The dark net's world web content is called the dark web.
  • Encryption through these specialized software works like the layering of an onion, which keeps the user’s data, such as IP address, anonymous.
  • This anonymity provides a space for a wide range of hidden activities, including privacy from the mass surveillance system of dictatorship regimes and a marketplace for illegal and criminal activities.

The surface web, which common internet users use, represents just 5% of the total internet, while the rest 95% of the internet is the deep and dark web.

Also, read about Nanotechnology for UPSC here!

Why do people use the Darknet?

People use the darknet to remain anonymous while communicating or sharing data over the internet. A wide range of people use this anonymity for different reasons. It is used by the secret services of a country’s armed forces. This whistleblower wants to expose dictatorship regimes, criminals, and terrorists who want to trade or fund their criminal activities.

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How is the Dark Web Accessed?
  • Access to the dark web is not possible through standard browsers like Firefox or Chrome; it requires specialized, anonymous browsers such as Tor or the Invisible Internet Project (I2P).
  • These browsers maintain user anonymity by routing web page requests through multiple proxy servers, making the IP address untraceable.
  • Dark web websites have an unconventional naming structure, requiring users to know the URL beforehand. Dark web search engines are not as effective as mainstream ones like Google.
  • Dark web URLs typically end in .onion, a unique domain suffix, unlike the common .com or other suffixes. The URLs often consist of a combination of letters and numbers, making them challenging to locate or remember.

Uses of the Darknet

The dark net serves various purposes, both lawful and unlawful. Legitimate uses include:

  • Protecting citizen's privacy rights from government surveillance using encrypted messaging and file-sharing services inaccessible to authorities.
  • Communicating political dissent in non-democratic systems, organizing demonstrations, and sharing information against governments through peer-to-peer encrypted networks.
  • Whistleblowing by journalists, activists, or revolutionaries against powerful individuals. It takes advantage of the darknet's surveillance-free environment.

Illegal activities on the dark net encompass:

  • Selling restricted items like drugs, weapons, and explosives to criminals and terrorists using cryptocurrency for anonymity.
  • Sharing confidential or illicit files, including child pornography, to avoid legal consequences.
  • Selling illegal or counterfeit software and products, leveraging anonymity to evade detection on the open web.
  • Hacking computers, including ransomware attacks by terror organizations, to fund illicit activities.

Check out this article on Cybercrime here!

Is Dark Web Illegal?

The dark web itself is legal, but it can facilitate illegal activities. Legitimate companies and users also have a presence there. Law enforcement and threat intelligence agencies use the dark web ethically to find cybersecurity threats and illegal activity. The dark web contains unique content like banned books and forums not found elsewhere. In July 2017, law enforcement agencies shut down AlphaBay and Silk Road, two major dark web marketplaces. Since then, more operations have led to the closure of large dark web marketplaces. In January 2021, DarkMarket was taken offline in a global police operation.

Dark Net and India
  • As per a survey in 2019, Indians on the dark net comprise 26% of such users. It makes India the largest marketplace of dark net users.
  • Accessing the dark web is completely legal in India as it is just another part of the internet, access to which is protected under Article 21 of the Indian constitution as it provides for the Right to access the Internet.
  • Cybercrimes through the dark net or surface net are dealt with by the same legal structure in India, which comprises Information Technology Act 2000, various sections under Indian Penal Code 1860, POCSO Act, 2012, etc.

Read about the Department of Electronics and Information Technology here!

Exploitation of Dark Web
  • The dark web is now a hub for illegal transactions, posing a significant threat to cyberspace.
  • Anonymizers on the dark web allow criminals to hide their identities and engage in illegal activities without leaving web patterns or location traces.
  • The infamous 'Silk Road' was the first modern darknet market known for selling illegal drugs, shut down in 2013.
  • Since then, users worldwide have utilized the dark web to access weapons, credit card data, malware, DDoS attacks, and stolen information anonymously.
  • The dark web's anonymous chat rooms make it an ideal platform for planning criminal and terrorist activities.
  • The World Health Organisation (WHO) warned against counterfeit Covid-19 vaccines sold on the dark web in March 2021.
  • Fraudulent services take advantage of the global demand for vaccines in a criminal manner.
  • Illegal activities on the dark web, such as money laundering, drug trafficking, terrorism financing, ransomware, and cryptocurrencies, are closely interconnected.

Dark Web (DarkNet) vs. Surface Web vs. Deep Web

The Internet is divided into deep web and surface web, depending upon their ease of access. The normal usage websites or search engines such as Google, Yahoo, Facebook, Twitter, etc., are a part of the surface web and represent ~5% of the internet.

The rest of 95% of the internet is the deep web. It includes websites or private networks accessible upon authorization or through specialized software.

The dark web or dark net is a smaller part of the deep web, which comprises those networks which provide anonymity to the user and require special software and authorization for access.

Various differences between dark web, deep web and surface web are listed below:

Surface Web vs Deep Web vs Dark Web

Surface Web

Deep Web

Dark Web

Access 

Open access

Only on authorization which may or may not require special tools.

Only through specialized tools

Anonymity

Not provided

Not provided

Provided

Share of internet

5%

95%

Unknown

Examples

Facebook, Google etc.

Cloud storage, Netbanking etc

TOR, I2P, etc

Read about Difference between internet and www(world wide web) here!

Challenges

Various concerns and challenges associated with the dark net are:

  • The facilitation of illegal activities through anonymous usage makes the identification of criminals impossible.
  • Usage by terrorists and separatists to organize themselves and fund their activities against the state eventually threatens the security of the general public.
  • Ransomware attacks on vital IT networks across the world and using cryptocurrency to settle the ransom.
  • The threat of unauthorized access to public utility network and critical infrastructure, which include nuclear power stations, oil refineries etc

Way Forward

With the rise of cryptocurrency in today’s world, the dark net is coming closer to every internet user day by day. Dark net comes with a set of positives and negatives, which can go in either way, depending upon its regulation by governments around the world.

Better cyber security infrastructure and stringent policies to deal with criminal activities is the need of the hour to protect everyone’s right of safe and secure internet usage.

We hope all your doubts regarding “Dark net” are addressed after going through this article. Testbook provides comprehensive notes and online classes for UPSC including different competitive examinations. It has always assured the quality of its product like content pages, live tests, GK and current affairs, mocks, and so on. Ace your preparation with the Testbook App!

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Dark Net FAQs

Dark net is used for anonymous communication and data sharing on internet.

Yes, it is legal to surf the dark web. Though, any crime done through the dark web is dealt with concerned law and punishments.

Internet on Dark web is not clearly ascertained, though deep web comprises 95% of the internet.

No one owns the dark web. It is a part of internet which can be accessed by anyone through specialized softwares and tools.

Tor, was invented by US Naval Research Laboratory employees Paul Syverson, Michael Reed and David Goldschlag.
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