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Home / IAS Preparation / Cr Formula Or Rajaji Formula

C R Formula or Rajaji Formula - Background, Objectives, Provisions, Reaction, Causes of Failure & More

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C Rajagopalachari’s formula is also known as C. R. formula or Rajaji formula. It was a proposal devised by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari to resolve the political impasse between the All India Muslim League and the Indian National Congress over British India’s independence. The League’s position was that the Hindus of British India were two distinct nations and that Muslims had the right to their nation going forward. The Congress Party, which included Hindu and Muslim members, opposed splitting India. With the start of World War II, the British administration intended to divide the Indian political elite into two camps to prevent the Indian independence movement from making significant headway by exploiting the war.

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Analyzing the C R Formula or Rajaji Formula (1944) is important for other competitive exams like SSC, state civil services, etc. So, by keeping all these things in mind, the Testbook prepares the best quality notes for aspirants of different competitive exams. Study major topics of Modern History from the perspective of UPSC Exams.

What is CR Formula (Rajaji Formula)?

Rajgopalachari served as the Chief Minister of Madras from 1952 to 1954, the Union Home Minister from 1951 to 1952, the Governor of West Bengal from 1947 to 1948, and the Governor-General of India from 1948 to 1950. He left the Indian National Congress and helped create the Swatantra Party, which in the 1960s and early 1970s, ran against the Congress. He wrote the Carnatic music song Kurai Ondrum Illai.

Chakravarti Rajagopalachari proposed the Rajagopalachari formula (also known as the C. R. formula or Rajaji formula) to resolve the political impasse between the All India Muslim League and the Indian National Congress about the independence of British India.Rajagopalachari agreed to divide on September 9 and made the following suggestions:

After World War II, an exact border between India and Pakistan would be determined, and voluntary settlement by the people would be permitted in both countries. Prominent parties like the Congress and the Muslim League would create a coalition administration. On the other hand, these ideas were opposed by the Muslim League.

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Background of CR Formula

The Indian National Congress (INC) and the Muslim League's differences must be resolved before any steps toward Indian statehood can be taken, according to the British administration during World War II, when Lord Linlithgow served as viceroy. While the INC opposed the country being divided, the League increasingly called for a separate nation of Pakistan for the Muslims. The C R Formula, also known as the Rajaji Formula, was put out by C Rajagopalachari, an INC member and strong associate of Mahatma Gandhi, to end this impasse between the two major political parties in India. This was the first time a Congressman had acknowledged the impending country's division and a tacit acceptance of Pakistan.

Objective

  • The Rajagopalachari Formula sought to bridge the gap between the Muslims League and the Indian National Congress, which had arisen due to disagreements over the two-nation doctrine and India’s independence from the British.
  • C. Rajagopalachari, a veteran Congress leader, devised a formula for collaboration between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League to break the political gridlock.
  • M.K Gandhi endorsed the formula, essentially a silent approval of the League’s demand for Pakistan.

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Proposals of the Rajagopalachari’s Formula

  • The League assisted Congress in creating a transitional Provisional Interim Government while supporting India's aspiration for independence.
  • After the war, a commission would be established to demarcate the areas where Muslims constituted the majority. A plebiscite would be held there based on adult suffrage for everyone, including non-Muslims.
  • All parties could express their opinions on the partition and their positions before the plebiscite.
  • Creation of a transitional administration at the centre involving both parties.
  • After the War of Independence, a commission would be established to draw boundaries around areas with a majority of Muslims and supervise a vote on whether or not Muslims wanted to establish their own country.
  • The government should safeguard the military, communication, and trade spheres if the nation is divided.
  • However, all of the above possibilities are only possible if the British give the nation's government total authority.
  • A mutual agreement would be formed in case of a breakdown to safeguard important interests, including defence, communication, trade, and other essential services.

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Provisions
  • The core idea of the CR Formula was a proposal for Congress to provide the League Muslim Pakistan based on a referendum of all peoples in districts where Muslims formed a majority.
  • The following were the primary features:
    • The Muslim League was to approve the call for independence for the traditional term, i.e., the Muslim League would support the Congress’s desire for complete freedom, and then the majority provinces, particularly the north eastern provinces, would vote in a plebiscite.
    • A commission would demarcate those contiguous areas in NWFP and NEI where Muslims were in the majority after the end of the war.
    • Agreements would serve another important purpose in the event of a divorce.
    • Only if Britain relinquishes complete power and responsibility for India’s administration would the agreements be binding.

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Reactions

In 1944, Gandhi and M A Jinnah engaged in discussions based on the Rajaji Formula. However, these talks ended in failure due to Jinnah's objections:

  • Jinnah insisted on the INC accepting the Two-Nation Theory.
  • He proposed that only the Muslim population in Muslim-majority areas, not the entire population, should vote in the plebiscite.
  • Jinnah rejected the notion of a common center and advocated for separate dominions before the British departure from India.
  • The Sikh community also opposed the formula because it would result in Punjab's division, despite their significant presence.
  • V D Savarkar, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee of the Hindu Mahasabha, and Srinivas Sastri of the National Liberal Federation also opposed the C R Formula.

Though the INC was initially against partition, it offered concessions to involve the League in independence talks, while the League's focus leaned more towards Pakistan than freedom.

Causes for the Failure of the Rajaji Formula of 1944
  • The formulas/proposals aimed primarily at establishing a distinct nation – Pakistan – but the population that was to be present consisted primarily of non-Muslims.
  • Jinnah feared that if the vote were cast, he would be forced to partition Punjab and Bengal.
  • The plebiscite was to be held for the entire population, which could have led to disagreements about the nation’s partition. Therefore Jinnah objected, claiming that the poll should only be held for the Muslim people.
  • Jinnah stated that the formulas were primarily concerned with services, whereas he desired full partition.
  • The suggestions dealt with partitioning Punjab, which meant that the Sikh community in Punjab would be separated, and Sikhs would not have a majority in any of the regions.

For in-depth, read the article Political & Economic Causes Of Revolt Of 1857 here.

Gandhi-Jinnah Talks (1944)
  • The Gandhi-Jinnah meetings were crucial because they addressed India’s political concerns and the Muslim League’s two-nation doctrine.
  • They began discussing the public’s desire for a peaceful resolution to the Hindu-Muslim conflict. Gandhi wrote Jinnah a letter on July 17, 1944, expressing his desire to see him.
  • The formal discussion began in Mumbai on September 19, 1944, and lasted until September 24, 1944.
  • The discussions took place not just in person but also by email. Gandhi informed Jinnah that he had travelled alone to meet him. He was not acting on behalf of anyone.
  • The fundamental goal of Gandhi’s meetings with Jinnah was to make him see the absurdity of Pakistan’s entire offer.

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C R Formula or Rajaji Formula: FAQs

It aims to solve the political deadlock between the All India Muslim League and Indian National Congress.

Congress and the Muslim league should unite and fight against the British. After the transfer of power, Pakistan will be created for the Muslims. A plebiscite is to be conducted where the population is in equal proportion.

Chakravarti Rajagopalachari gave the CR Formula.

Chakravarti Rajagopalachari succeeded first as the Governor-General of India.
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