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Home / IAS Preparation / Copernicus Programme

Copernicus Programme - Background, Components, and India's Collaboration with Copernicus

Last Updated on Oct 20, 2022
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Copernicus forms the Earth observation segment of the European Union's Space program. It focuses on earth planet and its surroundings to enhance the well-being of all European inhabitants. It delivers data services derived from both satellite Earth Observation and ground-based (non-space) information. The European Commission is responsible for administering the program, executed in collaboration with Member States, the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), EU Agencies, and Mercator Océan.

The Copernicus Programme is significant for both the UPSC Prelims and GS Paper 3 of the UPSC Mains curriculum. In this article, we will provide you with all features and necessary information on the Copernicus Programme of European Space Agency (ESA). Study major topics of Science and Technology from the perspective of UPSC Exams.

What is Copernicus Programme?

Copernicus is the European Union’s Earth observation initiative, which studies our planet and its surroundings for the benefit of all European residents. It provides information services based on in-situ data and satellite Earth observation. The European Commission is in charge of the program. Member States partners in its implementation are

  1. The European Space Agency (ESA)
  2. The European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT)
  3. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)

The Global Monitoring for Environment and Security initiative, formerly known as GMES, is currently known as Copernicus. Since Copernicus is a user-driven initiative, its Users, who are mostly public authorities, have complete, open, and free access to the information services offered.

The objective of Copernicus

  • To track and anticipate environmental conditions on land, at sea, and in the air.
  • To assist plans for coping with climate change, handling emergencies effectively, and enhancing everyone’s sense of security.
  • To give information on natural catastrophes like floods and forest fires.

Also, Learn about Mars Orbiter Mission here!

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Meaning Of Sentinels
  • Sentinels are a new series of spacecraft being developed by ESA expressly to meet the operational requirements of the Copernicus programme.
  • The Sentinels, which were created specifically to meet the demands of the Copernicus programme, are divided into two sets of missions that supply the data used by the Copernicus services.
  • Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, Sentinel-3, Sentinel-5P, and Sentinel-6 are dedicated satellites that are currently being created for the unique requirements of the Copernicus programme, while Sentinel-4 and Sentinel-5 are instruments onboard EUMETSAT’s MTG and Metop-SG spacecraft.

Image credit: European Space Agency (ESA)

Sentinel-1

Sentinel-1 is a polar-orbiting, all-weather radar imaging mission for land and ocean services. Sentinel-1 offers a distinctive collection of observations.

Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B were launched into orbit from Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana aboard a Soyuz rocket.

Sentinel-2

The Sentinel-2A satellite is intended to provide high-resolution optical pictures for land services.

Sentinel-2B, the second satellite, joined its twin in orbit on March 7, 2017.

Data for services related to the ocean and land are provided by the two Sentinel-3 satellites, which were launched on 16 February 2016 and 25 April 2018, respectively.

Sentinel-3

Sentinel-3 is a multi-instrument mission with excellent precision and dependability for measuring sea-surface topography, sea- and land-surface temperature, ocean color, and land color.

The Sentinel-3 satellites must be operated and the maritime mission must be delivered by EUMETSAT.

The mission provides assistance to ocean forecasting systems as well as environmental and climatic monitoring.

Sentinel-4

Sentinel-4 is an atmospheric monitoring payload that will be carried aboard a Meteosat Third Generation-Sounder (MTG-S) satellite in geostationary orbit.

The primary goal of the Sentinel-4 is to monitor important air quality trace gases and aerosols across Europe in support of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS).

Sentinel-5

In order to close data gaps between the launch of Sentinel-5 and Envisat, namely the Sciamachy sensor, a Sentinel-5 Precursor mission has also been created. On October 13, 2017, the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northern Russia launched Sentinel-5P, the first Copernicus mission in orbit devoted to observing our atmosphere.

Sentinel-6

Sentinel-6 is equipped with a radar altimeter that measures the height of the ocean’s surface throughout the world, primarily for operational oceanography and climate research.

The Contributing Missions
  • The contributing missions, which are run by national, European, or multinational organizations, offer Copernicus services with a variety of data.
  • The Metop and Meteosat satellites of EUMETSAT, the Jason-3 spacecraft, as well as goods from international partners, such as data on sea surface temperature and ocean color from the US Suomi-NPP satellite, all provide Copernicus with products.
  • The Contributing Missions, which are run by National, European, or International Organizations and already contribute a variety of data for Copernicus services, are also dedicated satellites, as is Sentinel-5P, which is a forerunner to Sentinel-5.

You can study about Cartosat 2 Here!

3 Components of the Copernicus Programme

 Space Segment

  • The Space Component consists of specialized Sentinel satellites as well as existing national and multinational missions known as Copernicus Contributing Missions.
  • The European Space Agency has been given responsibility for the development of the Space Component, including the launch and administration of the Sentinels and the monitoring of the Ground Segment.

Ground Segment

  • A ground segment that has the responsibility of giving users access to Sentinel and Contributing Mission data completes the Copernicus space segment component.
  • The widely dispersed ground segment depends on the infrastructure that already exists.
  • It is provided by both national public and private institutions as well as international organizations.
  • The mission control which will run the Sentinel satellites and the infrastructure to manage the data collected by the Sentinels is another component of the ground segment. This unit will develop the data into products for Copernicus Services.

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Service Components

  • End customers can utilize the information offered by Copernicus services for a wide range of applications in a number of fields.
  • These include urban management, sustainable development and environmental protection, regional and local planning, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, health, civil protection, infrastructure, transportation and mobility, and tourism.
  • Policymakers and public authorities are the primary consumers of Copernicus services, since they use the information to build environmental legislation and policies or to make vital choices in the case of an emergency, such as a natural catastrophe or a humanitarian crisis.
  • Many value-added services may be customised to specific public or commercial needs using Copernicus services and data acquired by Sentinels and contributing missions, resulting in new economic prospects.
  • Six Copernicus Services process and analyse the complete, free, and open data to create services and products like instructive maps and data sets, which add value to the information:
    • The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service
    • The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service
    • The Copernicus Land Monitoring Service
    • The Copernicus Climate Change Service
    • The Copernicus Emergency Management Service
    • The Copernicus Security Service

Learn in detail about the Brahmos Missile Here!

India’s Collaboration with Copernicus Programme
  • In 2018, India and the European Union inked an agreement to exchange earth observation data from each other’s satellites.
  • The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), on the other hand, has created an ambitious and comprehensive earth observation programme.
  • The Copernicus programme is beneficial for India as it offers a wide range of applications such as climate change monitoring, land, ocean, and atmosphere monitoring, and assistance in natural catastrophe predictions, management, and mitigation.
  • Due to its comprehensive, free, and open data policy, a healthy user base has grown throughout Europe and beyond, demonstrating its benefits.
  • The European Commission and India’s Department of Space (DoS) have decided to sign an agreement with the goal of enhancing and fostering collaboration in Earth observation and mutual access to the data from the Indian earth observation satellites and the EU’s sentinel series of satellites.
  • The European “Copernicus hub” is intended to make ISRO’s satellite data available for distribution.

Other Related Initiatives

The EU Space Programme supports the European space industry and promotes the emergence of a European ‘New Space’ eco-system fostering entrepreneurship, innovation, and new funding opportunities.

EnVision Mission

It is an orbital mission to Venus being developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) that is planned to perform high-resolution radar mapping and atmospheric studies.

GALILEO

It is a global satellite navigation and positioning system (GNSS) on which numerous EU economic sectors rely, from transport and agriculture to border management and search and rescue.

EGNOS

It is the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service improving the navigation services to aviation, maritime and land-based users.

Also study the Juno Mission in Detail!

Conclusion

Copernicus encompasses numerous non-space applications that can impact the daily activities and functioning of businesses and organizations. Its design is specifically tailored to meet the requirements of its users. The Copernicus services offer real-time global data, which can also be employed to address local and regional needs, enhancing our comprehension of our planet and our ability to manage our surrounding environment. Copernicus serves as a unified system that channels vast amounts of data into a range of specialized information services, all with the goal of promoting environmental well-being, improving our lifestyles, addressing humanitarian concerns, and facilitating informed policy-making for a more sustainable future.

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Copernicus Programme FAQs

Copernicus is the European Union's Earth observation programme that monitors and forecasts the status of the environment on land, sea, and in the atmosphere.

Landsat Copernicus offers extensive coverage of repeated data at a resolution that allows users to examine intricate human-scale processes.

The six theme services offered by the Copernicus program—land, marine, atmosphere, climate change, emergency management, and security—provide information.

The European Space Agency designed and runs Sentinel-2, and a group of companies lead by Airbus Defence and Space produced the satellites.

An agreement on the exchange of satellite data was struck in 2018 by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).
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