Which of the following argument is an example of the fallacy of Vyapyatvasiddha according to Nyaya (classical Indian school of Logic)?

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UGC NET Paper 1: Held on 28th Feb 2023 Shift 2
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  1. Sound is quality because it is visible
  2. Sound is eternal, because it is audible.
  3. Fire is cold because it is a substance
  4. Wherever there is fire, there is smoke.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : Wherever there is fire, there is smoke.
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Wherever there is fire, there is smoke - tihs argument is an example of the fallacy of Vyapyatvasiddha according to Nyaya (classical Indian school of Logic).

Key Points

Fallacy of Vyapyatvasiddha:

  • The fallacy of Vyapyatvasiddha, according to Nyaya (a classical Indian school of Logic), is the fallacy of the "universality of concomitance."
  • It occurs when one assumes that a property must always accompany its characteristic concomitant, or vice versa, without considering any exceptions or conditions.
  • This argument assumes that wherever there is fire, smoke must always be present, without considering any exceptions or conditions.
  • However, this argument is not necessarily true, as there may be instances where fire can exist without producing smoke, such as in certain stages of a fire or under specific environmental conditions.
  • The fallacy lies in making a universal claim without accounting for any exceptions or variations in the relationship between fire and smoke.

Hence, the correct answer is Wherever there is fire, there is smoke.

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