Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R.

Assertion A: Deductive arguments are either invalid or valid.

Reason R: A valid deductive argument that also has all true premises is called a "sound" argument.

In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

The correct answer is Both A and R are correct and R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
Important PointsAssertion A: Deductive arguments are indeed either invalid or valid.

• A deductive argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises.
• It is invalid if the conclusion does not logically follow from the premises.

Reason R: A valid deductive argument that also has all true premises is indeed called a "sound" argument.

• However, this does not explain why deductive arguments are either invalid or valid.
• That's a function of the structure of the argument itself, not whether it's sound or unsound.

So, the correct answer from the options given is:

Both A and R are correct and R is NOT the correct explanation of A
Additional Information

Deductive Argument:

• This is a type of logical argument that attempts to show its conclusions as necessarily following from its premises.
• In other words, if the premises are true, then the conclusion must also be true.
• A common form of a deductive argument is a syllogism, like:

Premise 1: All men are mortal.

Premise 2: Socrates is a man.

Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

In this example, if both premises are true (and they are), the conclusion must also be true.

Validity:

• In logic, an argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises.
• It's important to note that validity doesn't concern whether the premises or conclusion are actually true or false, but whether the argument holds the correct logical form.
• Even with false premises, an argument can be valid if the conclusion would logically follow if the premises were true.

Soundness:

• A deductive argument is sound if it is both valid (the conclusion logically follows from the premises) and the premises are true.
• So, a sound argument guarantees the truth of the conclusion.
• In Reason R from your question, it correctly states the definition of a sound argument.
• However, this doesn't directly explain why deductive arguments are either invalid or valid, as stated in Assertion A.
• The validity of a deductive argument is determined by whether its conclusion logically follows from its premises, not by whether it's sound or not.