Pharmaceutics MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Pharmaceutics - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

• The efficiency of a filter used for sterilization is primarily determined by its porosity. Porosity refers to the fraction of the volume of the filter that is void space, which affects the filter's ability to allow fluids to pass through while trapping contaminants.
• A filter with appropriate porosity can trap microorganisms and other particles effectively, ensuring that the sterilized fluid is free of contaminants.

• Rationale: While pore size is important for determining the size of particles that can be trapped by the filter, it is not the sole determinant of a filter's efficiency. Pore size must be considered in conjunction with porosity to ensure effective filtration.

• Rationale: Although both porosity and pore size are critical factors, the question specifically asks for the primary determinant of a filter's efficiency for sterilization. Porosity plays a more significant role in the overall efficiency of the filter.

• Rationale: Surface area affects the total volume of fluid that can be filtered at any given time, but it does not directly determine the filter's efficiency in trapping contaminants. A larger surface area can enhance the filter's capacity but not its efficiency in sterilization.

• Among the given options, porosity is the primary factor determining the efficiency of a filter used for sterilization. It ensures that the filter can effectively trap microorganisms and other contaminants, thereby providing sterilized fluid.

• Rauwolfia and Glycyrrhiza are medicinal plants that require size reduction for various pharmaceutical applications. The Cutter mill is specifically designed for the size reduction of fibrous and tough materials like these plants.
• The Cutter mill operates by using sharp blades that cut the material into smaller pieces, making it suitable for materials that are hard to grind by other means.
• It ensures uniform particle size and maintains the integrity of the active compounds within the plant materials, which is crucial for medicinal use.

• Rationale: Roller mills are typically used for the size reduction of grains and other friable materials. They operate by crushing the material between two rollers. While effective for grains, they are not suitable for fibrous materials like Rauwolfia and Glycyrrhiza.

• Rationale: Ball mills are used for grinding and blending materials. They use balls to grind the material into fine powder. However, this method is not suitable for fibrous and tough materials as it may not provide a uniform particle size and can cause excessive heat, which can degrade the active compounds.

• Rationale: Colloid mills are used for the size reduction of solids in suspensions, emulsions, and pastes. They are not suitable for dry fibrous materials like Rauwolfia and Glycyrrhiza. Colloid mills work by shearing the material, which is more appropriate for liquid or semi-liquid materials.

• Among the given options, the Cutter mill is the most appropriate choice for the size reduction of Rauwolfia and Glycyrrhiza. It effectively reduces the size of fibrous and tough materials while maintaining the integrity of the active compounds, which is essential for their medicinal properties.

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• A fluid energy mill, also known as a jet mill, is used for grinding heat-sensitive and other pharmaceuticals, including sulphonamide drugs. It operates by using high-velocity streams of air or other gases to cause particle-particle collisions, resulting in fine grinding of the material.
• This type of mill is particularly effective for producing very fine powders, often in the range of 1-10 micrometers. The absence of moving parts and the use of gas streams make it suitable for materials that are sensitive to heat and contamination.
• The fluid energy mill is also capable of achieving a high degree of particle size reduction, which is essential for the bioavailability and efficacy of many pharmaceutical compounds.

• Rationale: A ball mill uses grinding media, usually balls, to grind material by impact and attrition. While effective for reducing particle size, it is not ideal for heat-sensitive materials like sulphonamide drugs due to the potential for heat generation during the milling process.

• Rationale: A cutter mill operates by using sharp blades to cut materials into smaller pieces. This method is more suitable for fibrous or tough materials and is less effective for achieving the fine particle size required for sulphonamide drugs.

• Rationale: A hammer mill uses hammers or blades to crush and grind material. While it can achieve a moderate degree of particle size reduction, it is not ideal for heat-sensitive materials as the process can generate significant heat.

• Among the given options, the fluid energy mill is the most suitable for grinding sulphonamide drugs. It provides fine particle size reduction without generating excessive heat, making it ideal for heat-sensitive pharmaceutical compounds.

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• Asbestos is a group of naturally occurring fibrous minerals composed of thin, needle-like fibers. The primary chemical composition of asbestos is aluminosilicate, which consists of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen.
• Aluminosilicate minerals are known for their durability and resistance to heat, which is why asbestos has been widely used in construction, insulation, and other industries.
• There are several types of asbestos, including chrysotile, amosite, and crocidolite, all of which have aluminosilicate as a significant component.

• Rationale: Cellulose is an organic compound made up of glucose units and is the main constituent of plant cell walls. It is not related to asbestos, which is a mineral-based substance.

• Rationale: While silica (silicon dioxide) is a component of some minerals, it is not the primary constituent of asbestos. Silica is more commonly associated with quartz and other silicate minerals.

• Rationale: Carbon dioxide is a gas composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. It is not related to the fibrous mineral structure of asbestos.

• Among the given options, aluminosilicate is the correct chemical composition of asbestos. Asbestos' unique properties, such as heat resistance and durability, are due to its aluminosilicate structure, making it suitable for various industrial applications despite its associated health risks.

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• HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) is a non-metallic material known for its high resistance to chemicals, making it suitable for use in pharmaceutical plant construction.
• HDPE is resistant to a wide range of chemicals, including acids, bases, and various solvents, making it ideal for piping systems, storage tanks, and other components where chemical resistance is crucial.

• Chemical Resistance:
  • HDPE is highly resistant to many chemicals, which helps prevent corrosion and ensures long-term durability in environments where chemical exposure is common.
• Durability:
  • HDPE has excellent impact resistance and can withstand harsh environmental conditions, making it a reliable choice for various applications in pharmaceutical plants.
• Safety and Cleanability:
  • HDPE is non-toxic and safe for use in environments where cleanliness and prevention of contamination are essential.
  • Its smooth surface facilitates easy cleaning and maintenance, which is critical in pharmaceutical production areas.
• Versatility:
  • HDPE can be used for various purposes, including piping systems, tanks, and liners, providing flexibility in design and application.

• Rationale: Stainless steel is indeed highly resistant to corrosion and is widely used in pharmaceutical plant construction, but it is a metallic material, not non-metallic.
• While it provides excellent resistance to chemicals, its categorization as a metallic material makes it incorrect in this context.

• Rationale: Mild steel is a metallic material that is not highly resistant to chemicals. It is prone to corrosion and is generally not suitable for environments with high chemical exposure.

• Rationale: Brass is another metallic material that can corrode when exposed to certain chemicals, making it less suitable for use in environments with high chemical exposure compared to non-metallic materials like HDPE.

• Among the given options, HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) is the correct answer as it is a non-metallic material highly resistant to chemicals, making it suitable for various applications in pharmaceutical plant construction.

• Weather patterns are least likely to influence material selection for pharmaceutical plant construction. Pharmaceutical facilities are typically built with careful climate control and insulation to maintain strict environmental conditions inside, regardless of external weather.

• Regulatory Approvals:
  • Materials must comply with stringent regulatory standards set by authorities such as the FDA and EMA to ensure safety, quality, and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.
  • Regulatory compliance influences material choice to avoid contamination and ensure cleanability and sterility in production areas.
• Cost:
  • Cost is a significant factor in material selection to maintain a balance between initial investment and long-term operational expenses.
  • While high-quality materials may have a higher upfront cost, they often result in lower maintenance costs and longer service life.
• Availability:
  • The availability of materials can impact construction timelines and costs. Locally available materials can reduce shipping costs and ensure timely construction.
  • Choosing readily accessible materials helps avoid supply chain issues that could delay the project.
• Suitability for Cleanroom Environments:
  • Materials need to be non-reactive, non-shedding, and resistant to frequent cleaning and sterilization processes required in cleanroom settings.

• Rationale: Regulatory approvals are critical in ensuring that the materials used in construction meet safety and quality guidelines set by health authorities. This is essential for maintaining the integrity of pharmaceutical manufacturing processes.

• Rationale: The financial aspect is a major consideration for material selection. Balancing cost with performance and durability is necessary to achieve a cost-effective yet reliable construction.

• Rationale: The availability of materials can affect both the cost and the project timeline. Using materials that are readily available can streamline logistics and construction processes, preventing delays.

• Among the given options, weather patterns are least likely to affect the selection of materials for pharmaceutical plant construction. The design of these facilities generally ensures that internal environments are tightly controlled and insulated from external weather conditions, making external weather a minor concern.

• Pitting corrosion is a localized form of corrosion that occurs due to the creation of a differential aeration cell, where areas with different oxygen concentrations form on the metal surface.
• These differences in oxygen levels lead to the formation of an anode (low oxygen area) and a cathode (high oxygen area). The anode undergoes accelerated corrosion, resulting in the formation of pits.

• Formation of Pits:
  • Pitting starts at specific areas on a metal surface that have sustained damage or have impurities, where it is easier for differential aeration cells to form.
  • Once a pit starts, the local environment inside the pit becomes increasingly aggressive, accelerating the corrosion process.
• Mechanism:
  • The metal surface exposed to higher oxygen concentration acts as the cathode, while the metal surface with lower oxygen concentration acts as the anode.
  • Electrochemical reactions occur wherein the anode (pit) deteriorates, leading to metal loss and the formation of deeper pits over time.
• Consequences:
  • Pitting can lead to structural failure even if the overall metal loss is minimal, as the pits can penetrate deeply, significantly weakening the material.
  • Detection and prevention of pitting corrosion are challenging due to its localized nature, often leading to unexpected failures.
• Prevention:
  • Use of corrosion-resistant materials or coatings to reduce susceptibility to pitting.
  • Control of environmental factors, such as removing chloride ions or decreasing oxidizing conditions, which contribute to differential aeration cells.
  • Regular inspection and maintenance to detect and mitigate early signs of pitting.

• Rationale: Uniform corrosion occurs evenly across the entire surface of a material, leading to a uniform thinning. It does not involve differential aeration cells and is not localized like pitting corrosion.

• Rationale: Intergranular corrosion occurs along the grain boundaries of a metal, often due to impurities or segregations in the alloy. It is not specifically caused by differential aeration cells, but rather by the material's microstructural composition.

• Rationale: Galvanic corrosion occurs when two different metals are in electrical contact in a corrosive environment, leading to accelerated corrosion of the less noble metal. It does not involve differential aeration within a single metal surface like pitting corrosion.

• Among the given options, pitting corrosion is the type that occurs due to a differential aeration cell. This results in localized, aggressive corrosion that can lead to significant damage and potential failure of metallic structures.

• A perforated basket centrifuge is designed with a basket that contains perforations (holes) through which the liquid part of the slurry can pass while retaining the solid particles within the basket.
• This design is ideal for continuous solid-liquid separation, where the solids build up inside the basket and the liquid continuously drains out through the perforations.

• Design and Operation:
  • The centrifuge consists of a rotating cylindrical basket with perforations along its walls.
  • When the slurry is fed into the basket, centrifugal force pushes the mixture against the walls. The liquid passes through the perforations, while solid particles are trapped inside the basket.
  • This allows for continuous separation, as the liquid component is expelled and the solid cake can be removed periodically.
• Mechanism:
  • The centrifugal force generated by the spinning basket creates a high-pressure environment that drives the liquid through the perforations, leaving behind the solid particles.
  • This process ensures efficient separation of liquid and solids and is suitable for materials with high solid content.
• Applications:
  • Widely used in industries such as chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, food and beverage production, and wastewater treatment.
  • Ideal for processes where large volumes of slurry need to be continuously processed.
• Advantages:
  • Continuous operation maximizes efficiency and throughput.
  • Effective at handling high solid content slurries, improving overall process productivity.
  • Reduced downtime for maintenance and solid removal, which enhances operational efficiency.

• Rationale: A non-perforated basket centrifuge features a solid wall basket without perforations, thus it does not allow the liquid to pass through. This design is typically used for batch processing rather than continuous solid-liquid separation.

• Rationale: Semi-continuous centrifuges allow for partially continuous operation but require periodic interruptions to remove the accumulated solids. These do not use a perforated basket and are not designed for uninterrupted liquid drainage.

• Rationale: A super centrifuge is a high-speed centrifuge used for separating fine particles and emulsions. It does not typically incorporate a perforated basket and is used for different applications compared to a perforated basket centrifuge.

• Among the given options, the perforated basket centrifuge is the one specifically designed for continuous solid-liquid separation using a perforated basket. This allows for efficient and ongoing separation, making it ideal for industrial applications requiring high throughput and continuous processing.

• Filter aids are materials added to the liquid being filtered to improve the effectiveness of the filtration process, primarily by enhancing the clarity of the filtrate.
• They work by preventing the filter medium from clogging with fine particles, thus facilitating the formation of a porous and permeable filter cake that allows the liquid to pass through more easily while retaining unwanted solid particles.

• Types of Filter Aids:
  • Common filter aids include diatomaceous earth, perlite, and cellulose. These materials have high porosity and low density, making them effective at trapping fine particles.
• Mechanism:
  • When added to a slurry, filter aids mix with the solid particles and create a more porous cake on the filter medium. This prevents fine particles from clogging the filter pores and allows the liquid to flow more freely.
  • They can also be pre-coated onto the filter medium to provide an initial filtration layer that traps fine particles from the start.
• Applications:
  • Used in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food and beverage, and water treatment to ensure high-quality filtrates.
• Advantages:
  • Improves the clarity and purity of the filtrate by effectively removing fine particles.
  • Reduces the likelihood of filter media clogging, thereby increasing the efficiency and lifespan of the filtration system.
  • Helps in achieving consistent filtration results without the need for excessive cleaning or maintenance of the filter media.

• Rationale: While filter aids can help maintain a steady filtrate flow, their primary role is to improve clarity rather than directly increasing the filtration speed. Speed improvements are a secondary benefit.

• Rationale: Filter aids are additional materials that must be purchased and added to the filtration process. While they can increase efficiency and reduce downtime, they do not inherently reduce operational costs.

• Rationale: Filter aids do not decrease the thickness of the filter media. Instead, they enhance the performance of the existing filter media by preventing clogging and improving the permeability of the filter cake.

• Among the given options, the primary role of filter aids is to improve the clarity of the filtrate. They achieve this by preventing clogging and ensuring a more efficient and effective filtration process, leading to a high-quality, clear filtrate.

• The rotary drum filter is a continuous and versatile filtration unit that consists of a drum rotating in a slurry tank. On the surface of the drum, there are multiple discs (or segments) which serve as the filtration medium.
• These discs slowly rotate through the slurry, and due to the vacuum created inside the drum, the liquid is drawn through the filter media while the solids form a cake on the surface of each disc.
• As the drum rotates, the filter cake is then washed, dried, and finally discharged from the drum surface.

• Design and Operation:
  • The drum is partially submerged in a slurry tank and rotates around a horizontal axis.
  • Vacuum inside the drum draws liquid through the filter cloth, leaving solid particles as a cake.
  • The drum surface is segmented into multiple discs, which allows for continuous and efficient filtration.
• Mechanism:
  • The filtration cycle involves cake formation, drying, washing, and discharge.
  • The rotation speed and vacuum levels can be adjusted to control the filtration process.
• Applications:
  • Used in industries such as chemical, pharmaceutical, food processing, and wastewater treatment for handling slurries with varying solid content.
• Advantages:
  • Continuous operation allows for high throughput and efficiency.
  • Capable of handling large volumes and high solid content slurries.
  • Customizable design to fit specific process requirements.

• Rationale: The plate & frame filter consists of vertical plates and frames assembled alternately. It is primarily used for batch filtration processes and is not designed with discs.

• Rationale: A filter leaf consists of multiple leaves within a vessel, often used for batch filtration. The leaves are flat and do not incorporate the disc design used in rotary drum filters.

• Rationale: Meta filters, also known as depth filters, use a porous medium for filtration. They are typically cartridge filters and do not utilize a series of discs like the rotary drum filter.

• Among the given options, the rotary drum filter is the equipment that specifically uses a series of discs for continuous and efficient filtration of slurries. Its design and operational mechanics make it suitable for a wide range of industrial applications requiring large-scale filtration.