Given below are two statements:

Statement I: Classical Indian Logicians (Naiyayikas) give a psychological account of Inferential cognition.

Statement II: According to Naiyayikas the logical structure of inference represents not how we ought to infer, but how, as a matter fact, we do infer.

In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below: 

Key Points

 The correct answer is 1) Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Statement I: Classical Indian Logicians (Naiyayikas) give a psychological account of Inferential cognition.

• The Naiyayikas, a school of Indian philosophy, developed a system of logic that is based on the idea that knowledge is derived from perception, inference, and testimony.
• They believed that inference is a mental process that allows us to reach conclusions about things that we cannot directly perceive.

Statement I is correct.

Statement II: According to Naiyayikas the logical structure of inference represents not how we ought to infer, but how, as a matter fact, we do infer.

• The Naiyayikas also believed that the logical structure of inference reflects the way that we actually reason. They argued that the rules of logic are not arbitrary; they are based on the way that our minds work.
• The Naiyayikas's view of inference is still influential today. It has been adopted by other schools of Indian philosophy, as well as by Western philosophers such as John Stuart Mill.

Statement II is also Correct.

Here are some additional details about the Naiyayikas's view of inference:

• The Naiyayikas believed that inference is a three-part process. The first part is the propositional base, which consists of the premises of the inference.
• The second part is the middle term, which is the link between the premises and the conclusion. The third part is the conclusion, which is the statement that is reached by the inference.
• The Naiyayikas also believed that there are four types of inference:
  • Deductive inference is a type of inference in which the conclusion is necessarily true if the premises are true.
  • Inductive inference is a type of inference in which the conclusion is probably true if the premises are true.
  • Abductive inference is a type of inference in which the conclusion is the best explanation for the premises.
  • Analogy is a type of inference in which the conclusion is drawn by comparing two things that are similar in some respects.
• The Naiyayikas's view of inference is a complex and sophisticated system of thought. It has had a significant impact on the development of logic and philosophy.

Therefore, Both Statement I and Statement II are true.